Estimated Cost of Transcarotid Arterial Revascularization Compared With Carotid Endarterectomy and Transfemoral Carotid Stenting.

Objectives Transcarotid arterial revascularization (TCAR) is associated with a lower risk of stroke or death than transfemoral carotid artery stenting (TF-CAS). TCAR infers a lower risk of cranial nerve injury and a similar risk of myocardial infarction (MI) than carotid endarterectomy (CEA). There have been no comparative studies on the cost of TCAR, TF-CAS, and CEA, which may have important implications for institutional support for the new modality to address carotid artery stenosis.

Uses K Electrical Signalling to Orchestrate Host Sensing, Inter-Bacterial Communication and Differentiation.

Prokaryotic communities coordinate quorum behaviour in response to external stimuli to control fundamental processes including inter-bacterial communication. The obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen adopts two developmental forms, invasive elementary bodies (EBs) and replicative reticulate bodies (RBs), which reside within a specialised membrane-bound compartment within the host cell termed an inclusion. The mechanisms by which this bacterial community orchestrates different stages of development from within the inclusion in coordination with the host remain elusive.

A direct role for SNX9 in the biogenesis of filopodia.

Filopodia are finger-like actin-rich protrusions that extend from the cell surface and are important for cell-cell communication and pathogen internalization. The small size and transient nature of filopodia combined with shared usage of actin regulators within cells confounds attempts to identify filopodial proteins. Here, we used phage display phenotypic screening to isolate antibodies that alter the actin morphology of filopodia-like structures (FLS) in vitro.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa T6SS Delivers a Periplasmic Toxin that Disrupts Bacterial Cell Morphology.

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is crucial in interbacterial competition and is a virulence determinant of many Gram-negative bacteria. Several T6SS effectors are covalently fused to secreted T6SS structural components such as the VgrG spike for delivery into target cells. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the VgrG2b effector was previously proposed to mediate bacterial internalization into eukaryotic cells.

The turricephaly index: A validated method for recording turricephaly and its natural history in Apert syndrome.

Introduction: We present the CT scan-derived turricephaly index (TI) as a quotient of the maximal occipito-frontal length of the skull to the distance from the centre of the sella to the highest point on the vertex as a validated tool for assessing turricephaly and evaluating surgical techniques aimed at reducing it.

Materials And Methods: Measurements taken from CTs of non-operated children with Apert syndrome and age-matched controls were analysed using Centricity PACS system (from the lateral scout image) and the thick-sliced Osirix tool. CTs from non-operated children with Apert syndrome were used to investigate the natural history of their turricephaly both as a group and individually.

Obesity and hospital outcomes following traumatic injury: Associations in 9 years of patient data from a single metropolitan area.

Traumatic injury is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Obesity may put trauma patients at risk for complications leading to negative clinical outcomes. Data on all hospital admissions due to traumatic injury in the Detroit metropolitan area between 2006 and 2014 were obtained from the Michigan State Inpatient Database.

Correcting Exorbitism by Monobloc Frontofacial Advancement in Crouzon-Pfeiffer Syndrome: An Age-Specific, Time-Related, Controlled Study.

Background: In FGFR2 craniosynostosis, midfacial hypoplasia features oculo-orbital disproportion and symptomatic exorbitism. Clinical consequences may mandate surgery at a young age to prevent globe subluxation, corneal ulceration, and potential loss of vision. Monobloc osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis (monobloc distraction) seek to correct exorbitism.

Investigating the cause of late deformity following fronto-orbital remodelling for metopic synostosis using 3D CT imaging.

Purpose: Late deformity/indentation is well-recognised following fronto-orbital remodelling (FOR) for metopic synostosis. We hypothesise that if damage to temporalis muscle were a contributor, the thickness of soft tissue and bone in the affected area would be reduced.

Materials And Methods: Soft tissues and bone were separately segmented and reconstructed three-dimensionally from computed tomograms of 8 patients 1.

Chlamydia exploits filopodial capture and a macropinocytosis-like pathway for host cell entry.

Pathogens hijack host endocytic pathways to force their own entry into eukaryotic target cells. Many bacteria either exploit receptor-mediated zippering or inject virulence proteins directly to trigger membrane reorganisation and cytoskeletal rearrangements. By contrast, extracellular C.

The diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer: A comparison of endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography with pancreas protocol.

Background: Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in United States. We compared Computed Tomography (CT) with pancreas protocol and Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) in terms of mass detection, mass size, vascular involvement and lymph node involvement.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 93 patients.

Structure of a VirD4 coupling protein bound to a VirB type IV secretion machinery.

Type IV secretion (T4S) systems are versatile bacterial secretion systems mediating transport of protein and/or DNA T4S systems are generally composed of 11 VirB proteins and 1 VirD protein (VirD4). The VirB1-11 proteins assemble to form a secretion machinery and a pilus while the VirD4 protein is responsible for substrate recruitment. The structure of VirD4 in isolation is known; however, its structure bound to the VirB1-11 apparatus has not been determined.

Genome-wide profiling of humoral immunity and pathogen genes under selection identifies immune evasion tactics of Chlamydia trachomatis during ocular infection.

The frequency and duration of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) ocular infections decrease with age, suggesting development of partial immunity. However, there is a lack of clear correlates of immunity to Ct infection in humans. We screened sera from a cohort of Gambian children followed for six-months against a Ct-proteome microarray.

The Legionella effector WipB is a translocated Ser/Thr phosphatase that targets the host lysosomal nutrient sensing machinery.

Legionella pneumophila infects human alveolar macrophages and is responsible for Legionnaire's disease, a severe form of pneumonia. L. pneumophila encodes more than 300 putative effectors, which are translocated into the host cell via the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system.

Profiling and validation of individual and patterns of Chlamydia trachomatis-specific antibody responses in trachomatous trichiasis.

Background: Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection causes trachoma, the leading infectious cause of blindness. A Ct D/UW3 proteome microarray and sera from Gambian adults with trachomatous trichiasis (TT) or healthy matched controls previously identified several novel antigens, which suggested differential recognition in adults with TT.

Methods: We re-analysed this serological microarray data using more robust microarray analysis techniques accounting for typical problems associated with highly dimensional data.

Sleep Architecture Linked to Airway Obstruction and Intracranial Hypertension in Children with Syndromic Craniosynostosis.

Background: Children with syndromic craniosynostosis often have obstructive sleep apnea and intracranial hypertension. The authors aimed to evaluate (1) sleep architecture, and determine whether this is influenced by the presence of obstructive sleep apnea and/or intracranial hypertension; and (2) the effect of treatment on sleep architecture.

Methods: This study included patients with syndromic craniosynostosis treated at a national referral center, undergoing screening for obstructive sleep apnea and intracranial hypertension.

One Face of Chlamydia trachomatis: The Infectious Elementary Body.

The lifestyle of Chlamydiae is unique: the bacteria alternate between two morphologically distinct forms, an infectious non-replicative elementary body (EB), and a replicative, non-infectious reticulate body (RB). This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the structure and function of the infectious form of the best-studied member of the phylum, the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. Once considered as an inert particle of little functional capacity, the EB is now perceived as a sophisticated entity that encounters at least three different environments during each infectious cycle.

Membrane contact sites between pathogen-containing compartments and host organelles.

Intracellular pathogens survive and replicate within specialised membrane-bound compartments that can be considered as pseudo-organelles. Using the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia as an illustrative example, we consider the modes of lipid transport between pathogen-containing compartments and host organelles, including the formation of static membrane contact sites. We discuss how lipid scavenging can be mediated via the reprogramming of cellular transporters at these interfaces and describe recent data suggesting that pathogen effectors modulate the formation of specific membrane contacts.

Structure of a bacterial type III secretion system in contact with a host membrane in situ.

Many bacterial pathogens of animals and plants use a conserved type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject virulence effector proteins directly into eukaryotic cells to subvert host functions. Contact with host membranes is critical for T3SS activation, yet little is known about T3SS architecture in this state or the conformational changes that drive effector translocation. Here we use cryo-electron tomography and sub-tomogram averaging to derive the intact structure of the primordial Chlamydia trachomatis T3SS in the presence and absence of host membrane contact.

Host-pathogen reorganisation during host cell entry by Chlamydia trachomatis.

Chlamydia trachomatis is obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that remains a significant public health burden worldwide. A critical early event during infection is chlamydial entry into non-phagocytic host epithelial cells. Like other Gram-negative bacteria, C.

Congenital spinal dermal tract: how accurate is clinical and radiological evaluation?

OBJECT A dermal sinus tract is a common form of occult spinal dysraphism. The presumed etiology relates to a focal failure of disjunction resulting in a persistent adhesion between the neural and cutaneous ectoderm. Clinical and radiological features can appear innocuous, leading to delayed diagnosis and failure to appreciate the implications or extent of the abnormality.

Venous hypertension in syndromic and complex craniosynostosis: the abnormal anatomy of the jugular foramen and collaterals.

Unlabelled: Why craniosynostosis patients develop elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is still a mystery. Our aim was to investigate jugular foramen size and its relation to venous hypertension and elevated ICP. Secondly, we evaluated whether occipital collateral veins develop as a compensatory mechanism for elevated ICP.

Making connections: snapshots of chlamydial type III secretion systems in contact with host membranes.

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens with an unusual biphasic lifecycle, which is underpinned by two bacterial forms of distinct structure and function. Bacterial entry and replication require a type III secretion system (T3SS), a widely conserved nanomachine responsible for the translocation of virulence effectors into host cells. Recent cell biology experiments supported by electron and cryo-electron tomography have provided fresh insights into Chlamydia-host interactions.