A critical review and classification of dementia risk assessment tools to inform dementia risk reduction.

Addressing modifiable dementia risk factors requires reliable risk assessment methods. We aimed to synthesise knowledge on risk scores for all cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia, classify them according to target population, evaluate their content, cost, appropriateness of validation studies, and suitability for implementing risk reduction guidelines. A systematic search was conducted of PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration, ProQuest, Scopus, Embase, and PsycINFO databases using a pre-registered protocol.

Development of a midlife-specific CogDrisk algorithm (CogDrisk-ML) to enable validated implementation of dementia risk assessment from midlife to late life.

Background: Existing dementia risk assessment tools, such as The Australian National University Alzheimer's Disease Risk Index (ANU-ADRI), LIfestyle for BRAin health (LIBRA) and Cognitive health and Dementia Risk Assessment (CogDrisk), show limited validation for middle-aged adults (age 40-64 years). The Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE) tool, developed almost two decades ago, demonstrated moderate predictive accuracy. As key modifiable dementia risk factors emerge in midlife, there is a need for a new, more accurate midlife dementia risk assessment tool.

Adapting epidemiological research through unexpected environmental events: COVID-19 and bushfires impacts on the administration of the PATH cohort study.

Background: At the outbreak of the pandemic in Australia, which directly followed unprecedented bushfires, the PATH Through Life Study had just commenced data collection of its 5th wave for the 40s age cohort. Continuation of fieldwork required dynamic transition from an in-person structured assessment protocol, to remote assessment methods with adaptation of established measures. We aim to describe the methods used to adapt the longitudinal study to these events, and the implications of data collection methodology for analysis.

Assessment of the application of technology acceptance measures to older drivers' acceptance of advanced driver-assistance systems.

Older adults' road safety is a concern given the ageing population and increasing numbers of licensed older drivers. Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) are designed to improve safety, however little is known about the relationship between ADAS use and its trust and acceptance in older adults. The purpose of this study was to assesses an instrument of older driver acceptance of and trust in ADAS.

Onset of cognitive impairment, diet quality and adherence to dietary guidelines over 12 years: the Personality and Total Health Cohort Study.

Around 55 million people worldwide live with dementia, and more are expected due to population ageing. We aimed to investigate associations between healthy diet and mild cognitive impairment and dementia in 1753 older adults aged 60-64 from the PATH (Personality and Total Health Through Life Cohort) study. Healthy diet was defined by the Mediterranean-DASH diet Intervention for Neurological Delay (MIND) and two dietary guideline quality scores (Dietary Guideline Index (DGI) and Index Diet Quality (IDQ)), which were calculated from baseline FFQ.

Development and Validation of the Perceived Interpersonal Relevancy Scales: A New Measure of Perceived Threat, Opportunity, and Invisibility Appraisals for Use Across the Adult Life Course.

Objectives: Interpersonal relevancy appraisals are a dynamic and understudied aspect of human social cognition. Despite their importance, there are no existing measures. This study developed and validated a new measure of self-perceived interpersonal threat, opportunity, and invisibility appraisals among a life-course sample of adults.

A Scoping Survey to Inform Design of Digital Dementia Risk Reduction Interventions for Adults Concerned about their Cognitive Health.

Background: Digital dementia risk reduction interventions are cost-effective and scalable. However, it is unknown how they are perceived by people already experiencing cognitive concerns or decline.

Objective: To understand the current use, interest, and preferences for online learning courses and interest in learning about factors influencing brain health and dementia risk among adults ≥45.

MyCOACH (COnnected Advice for Cognitive Health): a digitally delivered multidomain intervention for cognitive decline and risk of dementia in adults with mild cognitive impairment or subjective cognitive decline-study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: Digital health interventions are cost-effective and easily accessible, but there is currently a lack of effective online options for dementia prevention especially for people at risk due to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or subjective cognitive decline (SCD).

Methods And Analysis: MyCOACH (COnnected Advice for Cognitive Health) is a tailored online dementia risk reduction programme for adults aged ≥65 living with MCI or SCD. The MyCOACH trial aims to evaluate the programme's effectiveness in reducing dementia risk compared with an active control over a 64-week period (N=326).

CogDrisk, ANU-ADRI, CAIDE, and LIBRA Risk Scores for Estimating Dementia Risk.

Importance: While the Australian National University-Alzheimer Disease Risk Index (ANU-ADRI), Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Dementia (CAIDE), and Lifestyle for Brain Health (LIBRA) dementia risk tools have been widely used, a large body of new evidence has emerged since their publication. Recently, Cognitive Health and Dementia Risk Index (CogDrisk) and CogDrisk for Alzheimer disease (CogDrisk-AD) risk tools have been developed for the assessment of dementia and AD risk, respectively, using contemporary evidence; comparison of the relative performance of these risk tools is limited.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of CogDrisk, ANU-ADRI, CAIDE, LIBRA, and modified LIBRA (LIBRA with age and sex estimates from ANU-ADRI) in estimating dementia and AD risks (with CogDrisk-AD and ANU-ADRI).

A Technology-Enriched Approach to Studying Microlongitudinal Aging Among Adults Aged 18 to 85 Years: Protocol for the Labs Without Walls Study.

Background: Traditional longitudinal aging research involves studying the same individuals over a long period, with measurement intervals typically several years apart. App-based studies have the potential to provide new insights into life-course aging by improving the accessibility, temporal specificity, and real-world integration of data collection. We developed a new research app for iOS named Labs Without Walls to facilitate the study of life-course aging.

The use of driver screening tools to predict self-reported crashes and incidents in older drivers.

There is a clear need to identify older drivers at increased crash risk, without additional burden on the individual or licensing system. Brief off-road screening tools have been used to identify unsafe drivers and drivers at risk of losing their license. The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare driver screening tools in predicting prospective self-reported crashes and incidents over 24 months in drivers aged 60 years and older.

Gender specific factors contributing to cognitive resilience in APOE ɛ4 positive older adults in a population-based sample.

Although APOE ɛ4 has been identified as the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease, there are some APOE ɛ4 carriers who do not go on to develop Alzheimer's disease or cognitive impairment. This study aims to investigate factors contributing to this "resilience" separately by gender. Data were drawn from APOE ɛ4 positive participants who were aged 60 + at baseline in the Personality and Total Health Through Life (PATH) Study (N = 341, Women = 46.

Could Country-Level Factors Explain Sex Differences in Dementia Incidence and Prevalence? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Despite rising interest in sex differences in dementia, it is unclear whether sex differences in dementia incidence and prevalence are apparent globally.

Objective: We examine sex differences in incidence and prevalence of Any dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD), and evaluate whether country-level indicators of gender inequality account for differences.

Methods: Systematic review with meta-analysis was used to obtain estimates of incidence and prevalence of Any dementia, AD, and VaD using random effects meta-analysis, and population-based studies with clinical or validated dementia measures.

No clear associations between subjective memory concerns and subsequent change in cognitive function: the PATH through life study.

Unlabelled: The literature on subjective memory concerns (SMC) as a predictor for future cognitive decline is varied. Furthermore, recent research has pointed to additional complexity arising from variability in the experience of SMC themselves (i.e.

The impact of mild cognitive impairment on decision-making under explicit risk conditions: Evidence from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life longitudinal study.

Objective: Previous research has indicated that cognition and executive function are associated with decision-making, however the impact of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on decision-making under explicit risk conditions is unclear. This cross-sectional study examined the impact of MCI, and MCI subtypes, on decision-making on the Game of Dice Task (GDT), among a cohort of older adults.

Method: Data from 245 older adult participants (aged 72-78 years) from the fourth assessment of the Personality and Total Health Through Life study were analyzed.

Development of the CogDrisk tool to assess risk factors for dementia.

Introduction: We aimed to develop a comprehensive risk assessment tool for Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and any dementia, that will be applicable in high and low resource settings.

Method: Risk factors which can easily be assessed in most settings, and their effect sizes, were identified from an umbrella review, or estimated using meta-analysis where new data were available.

Results: Seventeen risk/protective factors met criteria for the algorithm to estimate risk for any dementia including age, sex, education, hypertension, midlife obesity, midlife high cholesterol, diabetes, insufficient physical activity, depression, traumatic brain injury, atrial fibrillation, smoking, social engagement, cognitive engagement, fish consumption (diet), stroke, and insomnia.

Inability of the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and high-contrast visual acuity to identify unsafe drivers.

Background/objectives: To examine the validity of high-contrast visual acuity and the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) as tools for identifying at-risk older drivers.

Design: Prospective multi-site observational cohort study.

Setting: Community sample drawn from cities of Brisbane and Canberra, Australia.

Diastolic Blood Pressure Variability in Later Life May Be a Key Risk Marker for Cognitive Decline.

Background: There is an increasing awareness of the need to understand the interaction between long-term blood pressure patterns and their impact on the brain and cognition.

Methods: Our aim was to investigate the relationship between repeated blood pressure measures and change in cognitive performance over 12 years and imaging data at 12 years using a longitudinal population study. The data consisted of 2 cohorts, one midlife and one later life.

Social Cognition and Social Functioning in MCI and Dementia in an Epidemiological Sample.

Objective: Social cognition is impaired in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. However, its relationship to social functioning and perceived social support has yet to be explored. Here, we examine how theory of mind (ToM) relates to social functioning in MCI and dementia.

Association between decision-making under risk conditions and on-road driving safety among older drivers.

Despite theoretical models emphasizing the likely importance of adaptive decision-making to maintaining safety on the roads, there has been a lack of research investigating this topic. This exploratory study aimed to determine if decision-making under risk conditions, as measured by the Game of Dice Task (GDT), can explain additional variance in on-road driving safety beyond other well-validated predictors. Two hundred and thirty-nine cognitively normal Australian drivers aged 65-96 completed demographic and health questionnaires, vision testing, a neurocognitive test battery assessing cognitive flexibility, cognitive interference, episodic memory, verbal working memory, verbal fluency, and visuospatial function, the GDT-a lab-based assessment of decision-making under risk conditions, validated off-road driver screening measures and an on-road driving assessment along a standard route in urban traffic conditions administered by a trained Occupational Therapist (OT).

The role of cognition and reinforcement sensitivity in older adult decision-making under explicit risk conditions.

: Previous research has suggested that individual differences in executive functions, memory and reinforcement sensitivity are associated with performance on behavioral decision-making tasks. Decision-making performance may also decline with age, however there is a lack of research on the interplay of cognitive and affective processes, and their impact on older adult decision-making. This study examined associations between executive functions, memory and reinforcement sensitivity on the Game of Dice Task (a measure of decision-making under explicit risk) among older adults.

Association of sex differences in dementia risk factors with sex differences in memory decline in a population-based cohort spanning 20-76 years.

Sex differences in late-life memory decline may be explained by sex differences in dementia risk factors. Episodic memory and dementia risk factors were assessed in young, middle-aged and older adults over 12 years in a population-based sample (N = 7485). For men in midlife and old age, physical, cognitive and social activities were associated with less memory decline, and financial hardship was associated with more.