Average Dose Rate is the Major Temporal Beam Structure Parameter for Preserving Murine Intestines With Pulsed Electron FLASH Radiation Therapy.

Purpose: The relationship between the physical parameters of pulsed beams and the FLASH effect remains largely unexplored. Our research aimed to investigate systematically the beam requirements necessary for pulsed electron FLASH radiation therapy, which is characterized by high average dose rates (DR) and large doses-per-pulse (DPP).

Methods And Materials: The abdominal cavity of tumor-free C57BL/6 mice was irradiated with a pulsed electron beam at 17 Gy, generated by a prototype electron linear accelerator.

Translational downregulation of Twist1 expression by antiproliferative gene, B-cell translocation gene 2, in the triple negative breast cancer cells.

Twist1, a key transcription factor regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer metastasis, is highly expressed in invasive cancers in contrast to the loss of BTG2 expression. Based on our observation that forced expression of BTG2 downregulated Twist1 protein expression without altering mRNA level, we investigated molecular mechanisms of the BTG2-inhibited Twist1 translation in the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and in vivo BTG2-knockout (KO) mice and human breast cancer tissues. (1) C-terminal domain of Twist1 and Box B of BTG2 interacted with each other, which abrogated Twist1 activity.

TIS21 inhibits breast cancer growth and progression by differential regulation of mTORc1 and mTORc2-AKT1-NFAT1-PHLPP2 signaling axis.

Purpose: It has been reported that PI3K/AKT pathway is altered in various cancers and AKT isoforms specifically regulate cell growth and metastasis of cancer cells; AKT1, but not AKT2, reduces invasion of cancer cells but maintains cancer growth. We propose here a novel mechanism of the tumor suppresser, TIS21, that inhibits both growth and invasion of triple negative breast cancer cells via AKT1 activation by differential regulation of mTORc1 and mTORc2 activity.

Methods: Transduction of adenovirus carrying TIS21 gene and transfection of short interfering RNAs were employed to regulate TIS21 gene expression in various cell lines.

Inhibition of TNFα-interacting protein α (Tipα)-associated gastric carcinogenesis by BTG2 via downregulating cytoplasmic nucleolin expression.

To understand the regulation of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-associated gastric carcinogenesis, we examined the effect of B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) expression on the biological activity of Tipα, an oncoprotein secreted from H. pylori.

Inhibition of bladder cancer invasion by Sp1-mediated BTG2 expression via inhibition of DNA methyltransferase 1.

Significantly lower endogenous expression of B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) was observed in human muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC) than matched normal tissues and non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC). BTG2 expression was inversely correlated with increased expression of the DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3a in MIBC, but not NMIBC, suggesting a potential role for BTG2 expression in muscle invasion of bladder cancer. Over 90% of tumor tissues revealed strong methylation at CpG islands of the BTG2 gene, compared with no methylation in the normal tissues, implying epigenetic regulation of BTG2 expression in bladder carcinogenesis.