Interplay between the gut microbiome and typhoid fever: insights from endemic countries and a controlled human infection model.

Background: Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) invasion from the gut lumen. Transmission between people occurs through ingestion of contaminated food and water, particularly in settings with poor water and sanitation infrastructure, resulting in over 10 million illnesses annually.

Evaluating the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines during a period of Omicron variant predominance among Bangladeshi population: A test-negative design measurement.

The study was conducted to estimate the protective effectiveness (PE) of complete primary or booster dose regimens of COVID-19 vaccines deployed in Bangladesh. The study was conducted in four hospitals in Dhaka between December 30, 2021, and August 31, 2022 following a test-negative design. Patients aged ≥18 years attended with COVID-like symptoms were enrolled and tested for RT-PCR.

Spike specific IgG3 and nucleocapsid IgG response in serum serve as distinguishing immunological markers between SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.

Background: Both SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines elicit immunological responses. However, it is difficult to distinguish responses generated after vaccination versus natural infection.

Methods: We investigated SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid-specific IgG and RBD specific IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) responses using ELISA in four different groups; (1) COVID-19 patients (n=39) with varying disease severity and (2) COVID-19 vaccinated individuals (n=24, both adenovirus/mRNA based) (3) vaccinated after infection (n=39) and (4) patients experienced breakthrough infection (n=14), in Bangladesh.

Evaluation of oral cholera vaccine (Euvichol-Plus) effectiveness against in Bangladesh: an interim analysis.

Introduction: Millions of Euvichol-Plus doses have been deployed from the global oral cholera vaccine stockpile in over 20 cholera-affected countries. However, information on Euvichol-Plus's effectiveness is limited. Using this vaccine in a cholera epidemic in Dhaka, Bangladesh, provided the opportunity to evaluate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) using a test-negative design.

The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Surveillance Study in Bangladesh.

Background: is an important cause of diarrhea in Bangladeshi children <5 years of age, with an incidence rate of 4.6 per 100 person-years. However, the report was more than a decade old, and data on consequences are similarly outdated and heterogeneously collected.

Appearance of tolerance-induction and non-inflammatory SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG4 antibodies after COVID-19 booster vaccinations.

Background: Understanding the characteristics of the humoral immune responses following COVID-19 vaccinations is crucial for refining vaccination strategies and predicting immune responses to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Methods: A longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) specific IgG antibody responses, encompassing IgG subclasses IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 was performed. Participants received four mRNA vaccine doses (group 1; n=10) or two ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and two mRNA booster doses (group 2; n=19) in Bangladesh over two years.

Biovalorization of Fruit Wastes for Development of Biodegradable Antimicrobial Chitosan-Based Coatings for Fruits (Tomatoes and Grapes).

Organic wastes are generated from high consumption of fruits. In this paper, fruit residual wastes collected from fruit-juice centres were transformed into fine powder, and thereafter, proximate analysis along with SEM, EDX and XRD was done to get into the surface morphology, minerals and ash content of fine powder. Aqueous extract (AE) prepared from this powder was studied using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).

Measuring the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines Used during a Surge of the Delta Variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh: A Test-Negative Design Evaluation.

Background: From May to December 2021, Bangladesh experienced a major surge in the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2. The earlier rollout of several vaccines offered the opportunity to evaluate vaccine effectiveness against this variant.

Methods: A prospective, test-negative case-control study was conducted in five large hospitals in Dhaka between September and December 2021.

Cost-effective remedial to microfiber pollution from wash effluent in Kolkata and Ranaghat.

The microfibers generated from Polyester and Nylon based materials during washing cause serious environmental pollution by both contaminating the aquatic environment and the livelihood of the underwater creatures as well. This study aims at investigating the microfiber-pollution in wash effluents collected from different regions of Kolkata which is believed to be one of the microfiber-polluted cities in the South-east Asia in recent times. In this work, packed bed microfiltration (PBMF) was adopted in an economic and eco-friendly manner to arrest adequate amounts of microfibers and non-biodegradable matters present in the water samples collected from different regions of Kolkata and its surrounding areas.

Effects of nZnS vs. nZnO and ZnCl on mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] plant and Bradyrhizobium symbiosis: A life cycle study.

Scarce of knowledge of using Zinc (Zn) nanoparticles (NPs) to augment plant growth, Zn availability to plants and its potential toxicity warrants more NPs-plant life cycle studies. The main objectives of this study were to compare nano zinc sulphide (nZnS) with nano zinc oxide (nZnO) and ionic Zn i.e.

Salmonella Typhi Stool Shedding by Patients With Enteric Fever and Asymptomatic Chronic Carriers in an Endemic Urban Setting.

The burden of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) shedding in stool and its contribution to transmission in endemic settings is unknown. During passive surveillance S.

Protection by vaccination of children against typhoid fever with a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in urban Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised trial.

Background: Typhoid fever remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries. Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TT) is recommended by WHO for implementation in high-burden countries, but there is little evidence about its ability to protect against clinical typhoid in such settings.

Methods: We did a participant-masked and observer-masked cluster-randomised trial preceded by a safety pilot phase in an urban endemic setting in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Zinc sulphide nanoparticle (nZnS): A novel nano-modulator for plant growth.

In spite of extraordinary properties of zinc sulphide nanoparticle (nZnS), its role on plant system is not well understood, yet. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the uptake, translocation and effects of nZnS in mung bean (Vigna radiata) plant at 0, 0.1, 0.

Organization and implementation of an oral cholera vaccination campaign in an endemic urban setting in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Bangladesh has historically been cholera endemic, with seasonal cholera outbreaks occurring each year. In collaboration with the government of Bangladesh, the Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) initiated operational research to test strategies to reach the high-risk urban population with an affordable oral cholera vaccine (OCV) "ShancholTM" and examine its effectiveness in reducing diarrhea due to cholera. Here we report a sub-analysis focusing on the organization, implementation and effectiveness of different oral cholera vaccine delivery strategies in the endemic urban setting in Bangladesh.

Feasibility, coverage and cost of oral cholera vaccination conducted by icddr,b using the existing national immunization service delivery mechanism in rural setting Keraniganj, Bangladesh.

: Cholera is a considerable health burden in developing country settings including Bangladesh. The oral cholera vaccine (OCV) is a preventative tool to control the disease. The objective of this study was to describe whether the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), could provide the OCV to rural communities using existing government infrastructure.