Primary Lung Tumors in Children: Insights from a Single-Center Case Series.

: Primary lung tumors in pediatric patients are rare, predominantly malignant, and present diagnostic challenges due to symptom overlap with more common conditions such as inflammatory processes or asthma. Evidence-based approaches for managing these rare neoplasms in childhood are scarce. This retrospective study reports the experience of a pediatric referral center in diagnosing and treating these tumors.

Chronic respiratory disorders due to aberrant innominate artery: a case series and critical review of the literature.

Background: Tracheal compression (TC) due to vascular anomalies is an uncommon, but potentially serious cause of chronic respiratory disease in childhood. Vascular slings are congenital malformations resulting from abnormal development of the great vessels; in this group of disorders the most prevalent entity is the aberrant innominate artery (AIA). Here we provide a report on diagnosis and treatment of AIA in nine children with unexplained chronic respiratory symptoms.

[Recent updates on the antibacterial clofoctol.].

Due to the worry growing increase in bacterial antibiotic resistance and the scanty availability of new antibiotics, it is highly recommended to use not recently synthesized, but still active molecules. Clofoctol is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent with a different mechanism of action, as compared with the other antibacterial molecules currently available. By reducing intracellular ATP, clofoctol inhibits the synthesis of bacterial cytoplasmic membrane peptidoglycans, inducing the arrest of cell wall synthesis, thus characterizing the molecule as a "membrane-acting agent".

Lateral Thoracic Expansion for Jeune's Syndrome, Surgical Approach, and Technical Details.

Introduction:  Jeune's syndrome, or asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD), is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by skeletal dysplasia. Ribs are typically short and horizontal resulting-in lethal variant-in severe lung hypoplasia, progressive respiratory failure, and death. Lateral thoracic expansion (LTE) consists in staggered bilateral ribs osteotomy leading to chest expansion and lung development.

Alarmins and innate lymphoid cells 2 activation: A common pathogenetic link connecting respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and later wheezing/asthma?

Severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infancy is associated with increased risk of recurrent wheezing in childhood. Both acute and long-term alterations in airway functions are thought to be related to inefficient antiviral immune response. The airway epithelium, the first target of RSV, normally acts as an immunological barrier able to elicit an effective immune reaction but may also be programmed to directly promote a Th2 response, independently from Th2 lymphocyte involvement.

Is secondary tracheomalacia associated with airway inflammation and infection?

Background: Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections are among the most prevalent symptoms in secondary tracheomalacia due to mediastinal vascular anomalies (MVAs). It is not known whether this condition could result in persistent lower respiratory tract inflammation and subclinical infection.

Methods: A retrospective study was performed on records of children with tracheomalacia due to MVAs and recurrent respiratory infections who underwent computed tomography scan, bronchoscopy, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as part of their clinical evaluation.

Working as a team in airway surgery: History, present and perspectives.

Teamwork is one of the most important trend in modern medicine. Airway team were created in many places to respond in a multidisciplinary and coordinated way to challenging clinical problems which were beyond the possibility of an individual management. In this chapter, we illustrate the historical steps leading to the development of an airway team in a pediatric referral hospital, describe the present teamwork activity defining the key points for the creation of a team and discussing different organization models; finally we delineate possible future directions for the airway teams in the globalized world.

Emergency percutaneous, bicaval double-lumen, ECMO cannulation in neonates and infants: insights from three consecutive cases.

Background: Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is probably the preferable configuration to assist children with respiratory failure who do not respond to maximized conventional therapies. The single-vessel, double-lumen approach through the internal jugular vein is extremely advantageous, especially in infants, where femoral access presents limitations related to the small dimensions of the veins. In case of emergencies, ECMO might need to be started at the bedside, without the availability of fluoroscopic guidance.

A new SPINK5 mutation in a patient with Netherton syndrome: a case report.

We report on a case of Netherton syndrome showing a new SPINK5 mutation (c.957_960dupTGGT duplication in exon 11), associated with partial defect of biotinidase.