High-speed computation of high-quality light fluence distribution from low-photon Monte Carlo using a Fourier neural network.

Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is the gold standard for studying light propagation in biological tissues within the field of tissue optics. However, the high computational costs of MC simulation limit its broader use in practice. Although GPU-accelerated MC methods significantly enhance computational efficiency, the time required remains substantial under conditions of high-photon numbers and fine mesh due to limited computational resources.