Children's out-of-home care in Finland, 1993-2020: lifetime risks, expectancies, exit routes, and number of placements for synthetic cohorts.

Background: Population level studies rarely include multiple dimensions of the out-of-home care (OHC) experience, which are important for understanding the nuanced experiences of children and families. Multiple dimensions of OHC journeys can be measured without birth cohort data using the synthetic cohort approach, which summarizes contemporary risks of OHC for a synthetic cohort.

Methods: We use register data on all children born in Finland in 1980-2020 (n = 2,747,803) and link them with the Register of Child Welfare (OHC episodes n = 305,045).

Association of parental education with adolescents' COVID-19 vaccine uptake: A nationwide register-based study in Finland.

Background: Evidence regarding the link between parental education and adolescents' COVID-19 vaccination status mostly originates from non-representative survey studies, and the results are mixed. Although some register-based studies have shown a positive association with higher parental education and adolescent COVID-19 vaccine uptake, the factors behind these differences remain largely unexplored.

Methods: We used total population-level Finnish register data on 12-17-year-olds (N = 360,281) linked with their parents and household members.

Month of birth and outdoor temperature after birth predict childhood atopic diseases in Finland.

Background: Previous evidence on season-of-birth differences in atopic diseases is partially mixed, and the etiology behind them is not well understood. For example, outdoor temperature may be an important modifier of the association but has been previously neglected.

Methods: We assess how the month of birth is associated with medication use for atopic diseases at ages 0-15 and how outdoor temperatures after birth modify these associations for 0.

Childhood household dysfunction and psychiatric, criminal, and social outcomes in emerging adulthood. A cousin comparison study.

Background: Childhood household dysfunction is a well-known risk factor for adverse medical and social outcomes. However, less is known about the extent to which such associations are affected by unmeasured familial confounding.

Methods: This cohort study is based on Finnish register data on birth cohorts 1987-2000 (n = 835 987).

Heterogeneous associations between early-life religious upbringing and late-life health: Evidence from a machine learning approach.

Religious upbringing was common in Europe during the childhood of older adults today. However, studies are still lacking on how early-life religious upbringing is associated with adult health and how this association differs in different population segments. We used cross-national data of 10,346 adults aged 50 or older in Europe.

Internal migration, health selection, and the salmon bias: A register-based study of Finland.

Studies on international migrants have repeatedly found a mortality advantage of migrant over native-born populations. Data artifacts, differential prevalence of health-related behaviors, and health-related selection of immigrants and return migrants have been proposed as explanations. Neither the existence of a migrant mortality advantage for internal migrants nor the validity of existing explanations for this group have been extensively studied.

Long-term trends in mortality by living arrangements and the role of socioeconomic factors, Finland 1991-2020.

Recent decades have witnessed major changes in living arrangements, potentially impacting their well-established associations with mortality. However, research considering long-term trends in these differentials is scarce. We used individual-level register data on the total Finnish population aged 30 years and over from 1991 to 2020 to examine trends in the association between living arrangements and all-cause, as well as external and alcohol-related mortality.

Trends in formal care by age and time to death: the use of healthcare and care-home facilities in Finland between 2005 and 2018.

Population ageing may further increase formal care use. Strong predictors in addition to age include time to death and the cause of death. The aim of this study is to analyse trends in the use of formal care in Finland by these factors.

Alcohol Policy in Adolescence and Subsequent Alcohol-attributable Hospitalizations and Mortality at Ages 21-54 Years: A Register-based Cohort Study.

Background: Little is known about how alcohol policies experienced in adolescence are associated with later health. We assess whether the age of exposure to stricter alcohol policies is associated with later alcohol-attributable hospitalizations and mortality. We take advantage of an alcohol advertising ban and alcohol tax increases introduced in 1975-1977 with relatively stable alcohol policies before and after.

Genetic contributions to the educational inequalities in coronary heart disease incidence: a population-based study of 32 000 middle-aged men and women.

Background: The background of educational disparities in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk is still not well understood. We used a polygenic score for education (PGS), socioeconomic indicators and indicators of CHD risk to investigate whether these disparities result from causality or are influenced by shared factors.

Methods: Population-based health surveys including baseline measures on cardiometabolic risk factors at 25-70 years of age (N=32 610) and PGS were conducted in Finland between 1992 and 2011.

Trends in educational inequalities in obesity-attributable mortality in England and Wales, Finland, and Italy.

Objective: We assessed trends in educational inequalities in obesity-attributable mortality (OAM) and their contribution to educational inequalities in all-cause mortality for people aged 30 years and older, in England and Wales (1991-2017), Finland (1978-2017), and Italy (1990-2018).

Methods: In our population-level study, we estimated the shares of all-cause mortality due to OAM by educational level (i.e.

Heterogenous long-term health and social outcomes of type 1 diabetes - A full population 30-year observational cohort study.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is known to have adverse long-term health and social outcomes, but the modifying factors are largely unknown. We investigate to what extent T1D outcomes are modified by area-, household-, and individual-level social and economic characteristics in Finland. National registers from 1987 to 2020 were used to identify all 3,048 children with T1D diagnosed at age seven to 17 and matched controls (n=78,883).

Investigating causal effects of income on health using two-sample Mendelian randomisation.

Background: Income is associated with many health outcomes, but it is unclear how far this reflects a causal relationship. Mendelian randomisation (MR) uses genetic variation between individuals to investigate causal effects and may overcome some of the confounding issues inherent in many observational study designs.

Methods: We used two-sample MR using data from unrelated individuals to estimate the effect of log occupational income on indicators of mental health, physical health, and health-related behaviours.

Gender and Educational Trends in Lifetime Risk, Age at Onset, Expectancy, and Survival With Cardiovascular Disease in Finland, 1996-2020.

Objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality globally. Examining trends in CVD burden and associated sociodemographic disparities can contribute to tailoring policies that promote cardiovascular health and narrow health disparities. However, existing studies predominantly focus only on mortality.

Childhood family income and medication use in youth.

Background: Low family socioeconomic position is a well-established determinant of poor health in youth. Much less is known about the social patterning of youth medication use, and the current evidence is mixed. Furthermore, previous studies have not assessed important confounders of the associations.

Long-term trends in educational inequalities in alcohol-attributable mortality, and their impact on trends in educational inequalities in life expectancy.

Background: Previous studies on socio-economic inequalities in mortality have documented a substantial contribution of alcohol-attributable mortality (AAM) to these inequalities. However, little is known about the extent to which AAM has contributed to time trends in socio-economic inequalities in mortality.

Objective: To study long-term trends in educational inequalities in AAM and assessed their impact on trends in educational inequalities in life expectancy in three European countries.

Incentives, Health, and Retirement: Evidence From a Finnish Pension Reform.

This paper examines, using exogenous variation generated by a Finnish pension reform implemented in 2005, the interplay between health and financial incentives to postpone retirement. Based on detailed administrative data on individual health and retirement behavior, we focus on whether individual reactions to incentives vary according to health status and analyze whether individuals with ill health are also able to take advantage of the potential monetary benefits of delayed retirement created by the reform. We find that on average, individuals react to the financial incentives created by the reform as expected.

Intermarriage and mortality among Finnish migrants in Sweden: a prospective register study using binational data.

Conjugal ties may contribute to a convergence of health behaviours between migrants and natives, but the association between intermarriage and health outcomes remains understudied. We investigated mortality patterns among Finnish migrants in Sweden according to the spouse's country of birth and compared these patterns with those observed in the native populations of both Sweden and Finland. Leveraging register data from Sweden and Finland, we identified all married Finnish migrants aged 40-64 and their spouses in Sweden in 1999 and corresponding reference groups in both countries.

Own depression, partner's depression, and childlessness: A nationwide register-based study.

Depression and other mental health disorders are increasing while childlessness is increasing. However, this relationship has rarely been studied. We examine how depression, as measured by antidepressant use, is related to childlessness.

Stagnation in old age mortality among Finnish women: cause-of-death decomposition of life expectancy trends by income.

Aims: The decline in old age mortality and subsequent increase in life expectancy among older women has stalled in some high-income countries. The contribution of causes of death to and sub-group variations in these trends are generally not well understood. We assess trends in mortality and cause-of-death decomposition of life expectancy by income over the past 30 years in Finland.

Genetic propensity to depression and the role of partnership status.

Social relationships and genetic propensity are known to affect depression risk, but their joint effects are poorly understood. This study examined the association of a polygenic index for depression with time to antidepressant (AD) purchasing and the moderating role of partnership status. We analysed data from 30,192 Finnish individuals who participated in the FINRISK and Health 2000 and 2011 surveys and had register and medication data available.

Fatherhood timing and men's midlife earnings: A within-family study of Finnish cohorts born in 1938-50.

Fathers tend to achieve higher earnings than childless men, but there is limited evidence on the associations between fatherhood timing and men's later earnings. Using a longitudinal census-based sample of Finnish men, including a subsample of brothers, we investigated fatherhood timing and men's midlife earnings using both between- and within-family models. Earnings around age 50 were lower among adolescent and young fathers than for men who became fathers at ages 25-29 or later, but these associations became negligible after accounting for measured confounders and unobserved familial confounding.

Changes in Chlamydia trachomatis risk before and after union formation and separation among women of reproductive age.

Background: Not having an established relationship is associated with an elevated risk of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection, but this might reflect selection into and out of unions. Although union formation and union separation are common events in reproductive age, little is known about changes in CT risk before and after these transitions.

Methods: We linked Finnish Population Register data to the National Register of Infectious Diseases and used fixed-effects linear probability models that account for all time-invariant confounders to examine changes in women's 6-month CT risk 3 years before and 3 years after entry into first cohabitation (n = 293 554), non-marital separation (n = 201 647) or marital separation (n = 92 232) during 2005-14.