Reframing the responsibility gap in medical artificial intelligence: insights from causal selection and authorship attribution.

The increasing use of AI in healthcare has sparked debates about responsibility and accountability for AI-related errors. The difficulty in attributing moral responsibility for undesirable outcomes caused by increasingly autonomous (often opaque) AI systems has become a new focal point in the debate on 'responsibility gaps'. We approach the problem of these gaps by offering a framework that combines causal selection principles from the philosophy of science with recent accounts of authorship attribution in AI contexts.

Contouring cardiac substructures on average intensity projection 4D-CT for lung cancer radiotherapy: A proposal of a heart valve contouring atlas.

Background And Purpose: A detailed contouring atlas of the heart valves is lacking. Existing heart contouring atlases have not been evaluated on average intensity projection four-dimensional non-contrast computed tomography (AVE-4D-CT) scans, routinely used for organ-at-risk delineation in lung cancer radiotherapy. We aimed to develop the heart valve contouring atlas and to assess inter-observer variation in delineation of the heart, its substructures, and coronary arteries on AVE-4D-CT scans, along with its impact on radiotherapy doses.

Highly Efficient Lossless Coding for High Dynamic Range Red, Clear, Clear, Clear Image Sensors.

In this paper we present a highly efficient coding procedure, specially designed and dedicated to operate with high dynamic range (HDR) RCCC (red, clear, clear, clear) image sensors used mainly in advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving systems (ADS). The coding procedure can be used for a lossless reduction of data volume under developing and testing of video processing algorithms, e.g.

Tuning of Classifiers to Speed-Up Detection of Pedestrians in Infrared Images.

This paper presents an experimental evaluation of real-time pedestrian detection algorithms and their tuning using the proposed universal performance index. With this index, the precise choice of various parameters is possible. Moreover, we determined the best resolution of the analysis window, which is much lower than the initial window.

Alleviating Effect of α-Lipoic Acid and Magnesium on Cadmium-Induced Inflammatory Processes, Oxidative Stress and Bone Metabolism Disorders in Wistar Rats.

Cadmium exposure contributes to internal organ dysfunction and the development of chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the alleviating effect of α-lipoic acid and/or magnesium on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and disorders in bone metabolism, kidney and liver function, and hematological and biochemical parameters changes. Male rats were exposed to cadmium (30 mg Cd/kg of feed) for three months.

Influence of physical training on markers of bone turnover, mechanical properties, morphological alterations, density and mineral contents in the femur of rats exposed to cadmium and/or alcohol.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of physical training on bone parameters of rats exposed to alcohol (Al) and/or cadmium (Cd). Young female rats were divided into one control group and six groups exposed to Cd and/or Al. Al (36% calories of diet) and Cd (20 mg Cd/kg feed) were administered with liquid diet.

The Influence of Tumor Microenvironment on ATG4D Gene Expression in Colorectal Cancer Patients.

Despite great progress in research on the subject, the involvement of autophagy in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis (initiation, progression, metastasis) remains obscure and controversial. Autophagy is a catabolic process, fundamental to cell viability and connected with degradation/recycling of proteins and organelles. In this study, we aimed at investigating the relative expression level of mRNA via Real-Time PCR of 16 chosen genes belonging to Atg8 mammalian orthologs and their conjugation system, comprising GABARAP, GABARAPL1, GABARAPL2, MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3B, MAP1LC3C, ATG3, ATG7, ATG10, ATG4A, ATG4B, ATG4C, ATG4D, and three genes encoding proteins building the multimeric ATG16L1 complex, namely ATG5, ATG12, and ATG16L1, in 73 colorectal tumors and paired adjacent normal colon mucosa.

The BAX gene as a candidate for negative autophagy-related genes regulator on mRNA levels in colorectal cancer.

Autophagy is a catabolic process, which is involved in the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis by degrading redundant molecules and organelles. Autophagy begins with the formation of a double-membrane phagophore, followed by its enclosure, thus leading to the appearance of an autophagosome which fuses with lysosome. This process is highly conserved, precisely orchestrated and regulated by autophagy-related genes.

Evaluation of Five Phase Digitally Controlled Rotating Field Plasma Source for Photochemical Mercury Vapor Generation Optical Emission Spectrometry.

A new sensitive method for total mercury determination in reference materials using a 5-phase digitally controlled rotating field plasma source (RFP) for optical emission spectrometry (OES) was developed. A novel synergic effect of ultrasonic nebulization (USN) and ultraviolet-visible light (UV-Vis) irradiation when used in combination was exploited for efficient Hg vapor generation. UV- and Vis-based irradiation systems were studied.

Potentiometric responses of ion-selective electrodes after galvanostatically controlled incorporation of primary ions.

A new method of quantitative incorporation of primary cations into ion-selective membrane by means of galvanostatic cathodic polarization/conditioning, before measurement step, was proposed and tested on the example of potassium-selective electrode with ionophore - valinomycin in poly(vinyl chloride) based membrane and with polypyrrole solid contact. Open circuit potential values recorded after polarization can be quantitatively explained by changes of primary cations and ionophore concentration in the surface part of the membrane. The influence of potassium ions concentration in the membrane (in relation to ion exchange sites amount) on the shape of potentiometric calibration plots was also observed.