Noninvasive Temporal Interference Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Parkinson's Disease Reduces Beta Activity.

Background: Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a novel noninvasive electrical stimulation technique to focally modulate deep brain regions; a minimum of two high-frequency signals (f and f > 1 kHz) interfere to create an envelope-modulated signal at a deep brain target with the frequency of modulation equal to the difference frequency: Δf = |f - f|.

Objective: The goals of this study were to verify the capability of TIS to modulate the subthalamic nucleus (STN) with Δf and to compare the effect of TIS and conventional deep brain stimulation (DBS) on the STN beta oscillations in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods: DBS leads remained externalized after implantation, allowing local field potentials (LFPs) recordings in eight patients with PD.

Non-invasive Temporal Interference Stimulation of the Hippocampus Suppresses Epileptic Biomarkers in Patients with Epilepsy: Biophysical Differences between Kilohertz and Amplitude Modulated Stimulation.

Medication refractory focal epilepsy creates a significant challenge, with approximately 30% of patients ineligible for surgery due to the involvement of eloquent cortex in the epileptogenic network. For such patients with limited surgical options, electrical neuromodulation represents a promising alternative therapy. In this study, we investigate the potential of non-invasive temporal interference (TI) electrical stimulation to reduce epileptic biomarkers in patients with epilepsy by comparing intracerebral recordings obtained before, during, and after TI stimulation, to recordings during low and high kHz frequency (HF) sham stimulation.