Source dynamics of Ruapehu's 2022 volcanic unrest: insights from drumbeat seismicity, tremor, and crater lake signals.

Unlabelled: Ruapehu, one of Aotearoa New Zealand's most active andesitic volcanoes, experienced moderate to heightened volcanic unrest beginning March 2022. This included heightened volcanic tremor, the initiation of a new heating phase at the crater lake Te Wai ā-moe, and increases in gas emissions. The unrest featured highly periodic, low-frequency earthquakes known as 'drumbeats'.

Ergodic seismic precursors and transfer learning for short term eruption forecasting at data scarce volcanoes.

Seismic data recorded before volcanic eruptions provides important clues for forecasting. However, limited monitoring histories and infrequent eruptions restrict the data available for training forecasting models. We propose a transfer machine learning approach that identifies eruption precursors-signals that consistently change before eruptions-across multiple volcanoes.

Near-surface magma flow instability drives cyclic lava fountaining at Fagradalsfjall, Iceland.

Lava fountains are a common manifestation of basaltic volcanism. While magma degassing plays a clear key role in their generation, the controls on their duration and intermittency are only partially understood, not least due to the challenges of measuring the most abundant gases, HO and CO. The 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption in Iceland included a six-week episode of uncommonly periodic lava fountaining, featuring ~ 100-400 m high fountains lasting a few minutes followed by repose intervals of comparable duration.

Audible acoustics from low-magnitude fluid-induced earthquakes in Finland.

Earthquakes are frequently accompanied by public reports of audible low-frequency noises. In 2018, public reports of booms or thunder-like noises were linked to induced earthquakes during an Engineered Geothermal System project in the Helsinki Metropolitan area. In response, two microphone arrays were deployed to record and study these acoustic signals while stimulation at the drill site continued.

Seismic and experimental insights into eruption precursors at Volcán de Colima.

We combine geophysical and experimental observations to interpret preeruptive unrest at Volcán de Colima in 1998. 17,893 volcanic earthquakes were detected between 1 October and 31 December 1998, including 504 clusters. Using seismic ambient noise interferometry, we observe a drop in velocity prior to the eruption linked to damage accumulation during magma ascent.