Advances in Regenerative Medicine, Cell Therapy, and 3D Bioprinting for Glaucoma and Retinal Diseases.

Regenerative medicine, cell therapy, and 3D bioprinting represent promising advancements in addressing retinal and glaucomatous diseases. These conditions, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs), and glaucomatous optic neuropathy, have complex pathophysiologies that involve neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, and vascular dysfunction. Despite significant progress in conventional therapies, including anti-VEGF injections, laser photocoagulation, and intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering interventions, these approaches remain limited in reversing disease progression and restoring lost visual function.

Risk of ptosis following eyelid speculum assisted intravitreal anti-VEGF injections.

Purpose: Intravitreal injections are essential for treating retinal diseases. This study aims to assess the impact of repeated intravitreal anti-VEGF injections using an eyelid speculum on the risk of ptosis development.

Methods: This single-center, retrospective chart review included 114 patients (228 eyes) who received at least three unilateral intravitreal anti-VEGF injections.