Person-Centered Preventive Health Care: Gathering Stakeholder Input on Evidence and Implementation.

Introduction: Clinical preventive services, such as screening tests, vaccinations, behavioral counseling, or preventive medication, are offered to most people on the basis of age, sex, health behaviors, or clinical risk factors, with goals of detecting early disease, preventing future disease, or mitigating the impact of unhealthy behaviors on future health. However, many people do not receive all the recommended services for which they are eligible.

Methods: The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality identified 4 topics for gathering stakeholder input on evidence and implementation for the equitable delivery of clinical preventive services.

Awareness of Racial and Ethnic Bias and Potential Solutions to Address Bias With Use of Health Care Algorithms.

Importance: Algorithms are commonly incorporated into health care decision tools used by health systems and payers and thus affect quality of care, access, and health outcomes. Some algorithms include a patient's race or ethnicity among their inputs and can lead clinicians and decision-makers to make choices that vary by race and potentially affect inequities.

Objective: To inform an evidence review on the use of race- and ethnicity-based algorithms in health care by gathering public and stakeholder perspectives about the repercussions of and efforts to address algorithm-related bias.

From precision medicine to precision care: Choosing and using precision medicine in the context of multimorbidity.

Rapid advances in precision medicine promise dramatic reductions in morbidity and mortality for a growing array of conditions. To realize the benefits of precision medicine and minimize harm, it is necessary to address real-world challenges encountered in translating this research into practice. Foremost among these is how to choose and use precision medicine modalities in real-world practice by addressing issues related to caring for the sizable proportion of people living with multimorbidity.

Building Closer Friendships in social anxiety disorder: A randomized control trial of an internet-based intervention.

Background And Objectives: Loneliness is an important factor in mental and physical health. People with social anxiety disorder (SAD) often report high levels of loneliness, which may be maintained by difficulties with intimacy. Building Closer Friendships (BCF) is a technology-based intervention we developed to reduce loneliness through reducing fear of intimacy in individuals with SAD.

The impact of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in perfectionism.

Objective: The construct of perfectionism has long been related to Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD), though research has not considered how OCPD could distinguish individuals with elevated perfectionism. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical differences between those with and without OCPD in a sample of individuals with elevated perfectionism.

Methods: Seventy-four university students with elevated perfectionism completed a diagnostic assessment and several self-report measures of clinical characteristics and were randomly assigned to complete an exposure-based treatment for perfectionism or waitlist.

Respiratory Protection Perceptions among Malian Health Workers: Insights from the Health Belief Model.

Reusable respiratory protective devices called elastomeric respirators have demonstrated their effectiveness and acceptability in well-resourced healthcare settings. Using standard qualitative research methods, we explored the feasibility of elastomeric respirator use in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We conducted interviews and focus groups with a convenience sample of health workers at one clinical center in Mali.

The Prevalence of Dissemination and Implementation Research and Training Grants at National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Centers.

Background: Dissemination and implementation (D&I) research is a key factor in the uptake and use of evidence-based cancer control interventions. National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated cancer centers are ideal settings in which to further D&I knowledge. The purpose of this study was to summarize the characteristics of NCI-funded D&I science grants in the nation's cancer centers to understand the nature, extent, and opportunity for this key type of translational work.

Colorectal cancer knowledge and perceptions among individuals below the age of 50.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) rates are increasing in individuals below the age of 50 and this trend has been projected to continue for the foreseeable future. Health officials are calling for increased awareness of rising rates in affected populations to promote discussion and early detection.

Methods: In May 2018, we surveyed an online purposive sample of adults below the age of 50 (N = 624).

Applying an Equity Lens to Characterizing the Process and Reasons for an Adaptation to an Evidenced-based Practice.

Background: Adaptations to evidence-based practices (EBPs) are common but can impact implementation and patient outcomes. In our prior research, providers in routine care made a fidelity-inconsistent adaptation to an EBP that improved health outcomes in people with serious mental illness (SMI). The purpose of this study was to characterize the process and reasons for the adaptation using a framework for reporting adaptations and modifications to EBPs, with a focus on equity.

Screening for colorectal cancer in people ages 45-49: research gaps, challenges and future directions for research and practice.

We explore challenges for implementing new recommendations to begin screening for colorectal cancer in people ages 45–49. Challenges include the costs, limited evidence, and ensuring health equity. We also offer solutions and recommendations for researchers and practitioners to include this new age group into screening programs.

The Role of Safety Behaviors in the Relationship between Social Anxiety and Marijuana Use Problems.

Social anxiety has been associated with higher levels of and more problematic marijuana use. Research suggests that safety behaviors may play a role in the development and maintenance of marijuana problems. However, the safety behaviors that are most commonly associated with social anxiety have not been investigated, nor has the potential moderating role of gender on this relationship.

Development of the Response to Fearful Situations Scale.

Background: Most measures of anxious avoidance are limited to disorder-specific mechanisms and ignore the measurement of courage/approach responding in confronting fearful situations.

Aims: The purpose of the present study was to construct and validate a self-report assessment of the tendency towards avoidant or approach responding in fearful situations, the Response to Fearful Situations Scale (RFSS).

Method And Results: In Study 1 (n = 241), exploratory factor analysis resulted in two factors, avoidance and approach.

Text message safety behavior reduction for social anxiety: A randomized controlled trial.

Objective: Cognitive models of social anxiety disorder propose that maladaptive safety behaviors (SBs; i.e., behaviors intended to avoid, prevent, or manage threat) play an important maintaining role in the disorder.

Providers' Perceptions of Barriers to Optimal Communication With Patients During the Postcolonoscopy Experience.

Introduction: Colonoscopy screening is an effective method of detecting and preventing colorectal cancer. Standard procedure for most colonoscopies (98%) is to use conscious sedation, which can cause short-term cognitive impairment postprocedure, including communication difficulties. In this study, we explored providers' (gastroenterology doctors and nurses) perceptions of the barriers to optimal communication with patients immediately following colonoscopy.

Type I Interferon Receptor Signaling of Neurons and Astrocytes Regulates Microglia Activation during Viral Encephalitis.

In sterile neuroinflammation, a pathological role is proposed for microglia, whereas in viral encephalitis, their function is not entirely clear. Many viruses exploit the odorant system and enter the CNS via the olfactory bulb (OB). Upon intranasal vesicular stomatitis virus instillation, we show an accumulation of activated microglia and monocytes in the OB.

Using Smartphone Apps to Promote Psychiatric Rehabilitation in a Peer-Led Community Support Program: Pilot Study.

Background: Management of severe and persistent mental illness is a complex, resource-intensive challenge for individuals, their families, treaters, and the health care system at large. Community-based rehabilitation, in which peer specialists provide support for individuals managing their own condition, has demonstrated effectiveness but has only been implemented in specialty centers. It remains unclear how the peer-based community rehabilitation model could be expanded, given that it requires significant resources to both establish and maintain.

Evaluating broad-scale system change using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research: challenges and strategies to overcome them.

Objective: The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of the CFIR framework for evaluating broad-scale change by discussing the challenges to be addressed when planning the assessment of broad-scale change and the solutions developed by the evaluation team to address those challenges. The evaluation of implementation of Patient-centered Care and Cultural Transformation (PCC&CT) within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) will be used as a demonstrative example. Patient-Centered Care (PCC) is personalized health care that considers a patient's circumstances and goals.

Aberrant imprinting may underlie evolution of parthenogenesis.

Genomic imprinting confers parent-of-origin-specific gene expression, thus non-equivalent and complementary function of parental genomes. As a consequence, genomic imprinting poses an epigenetic barrier to parthenogenesis in sexual organisms. We report aberrant imprinting in Boechera, a genus in which apomicts evolved from sexuals multiple times.

Auditory steady state response deficits are associated with symptom severity and poor functioning in patients with psychotic disorder.

Objectives: Gamma oscillation is important for cortico-cortical coordination and the integration of information across neural networks. The 40 Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR), which reflects neural synchrony in the gamma band (30-100 Hz), is abnormal in patients with schizophrenia (SZ). The present study used the ASSR at multiple frequencies to examine (1) gamma dysfunction in patients with SZ, schizoaffective (SA), and bipolar disorder (BD) compared with controls, (2) the relationship between ASSR measures and clinical symptom severity, and (3) the relationship between ASSR measures and real-life community functioning.

Patient Centeredness in Electronic Communication: Evaluation of Patient-to-Health Care Team Secure Messaging.

Background: As information and communication technology is becoming more widely implemented across health care organizations, patient-provider email or asynchronous electronic secure messaging has the potential to support patient-centered communication. Within the medical home model of the Veterans Health Administration (VA), secure messaging is envisioned as a means to enhance access and strengthen the relationships between veterans and their health care team members. However, despite previous studies that have examined the content of electronic messages exchanged between patients and health care providers, less research has focused on the socioemotional aspects of the communication enacted through those messages.

How can healthcare organizations implement patient-centered care? Examining a large-scale cultural transformation.

Background: Healthcare organizations increasingly are focused on providing care which is patient-centered rather than disease-focused. Yet little is known about how best to transform the culture of care in these organizations. We sought to understand key organizational factors for implementing patient-centered care cultural transformation through an examination of efforts in the US Department of Veterans Affairs.

Patient-centred care is a way of doing things: How healthcare employees conceptualize patient-centred care.

Background: Patient-centred care is now ubiquitous in health services research, and healthcare systems are moving ahead with patient-centred care implementation. Yet, little is known about how healthcare employees, charged with implementing patient-centred care, conceptualize what they are implementing.

Objective: To examine how hospital employees conceptualize patient-centred care.

Methodology and Reporting of Mobile Heath and Smartphone Application Studies for Schizophrenia.

The increasing prevalence of mobile devices among patients of all demographic groups has the potential to transform the ways we diagnose, monitor, treat, and study mental illness. As new tools and technologies emerge, clinicians and researchers are confronted with an increasing array of options both for clinical assessment, through digital capture of the essential behavioral elements of a condition, and for intervention, through formalized treatments, coaching, and other technology-assisted means of patient communication. And yet, as with any new set of tools for the assessment or treatment of a medical condition, establishing and adhering to reporting guidelines-that is, what works and under what conditions-is an essential component of the translational research process.