In vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of Veech ketone monoester and metabolites in rats after IV (bolus and infusion) and oral administration.

Multiple exogenous supplements to achieve ketosis using the oral route have been developed to elevate blood BHB levels on demand and in a controllable fashion. The focus is now shifting to evaluating these supplements as potential therapeutic agents and developing strategies to not only achieve ketosis but also maintain it. One such strategy is to administer these as a continuous IV infusion.

Quantitative Determination of (R)-3-Hydroxybutyl (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate (Ketone Ester) and Its Metabolites Beta-hydroxybutyrate, 1-3-Butanediol, and Acetoacetate in Human Plasma Using LC-MS.

Ketone ester ((R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate) has gained popularity as an exogenous means to achieve ketosis. Regarding its potential as a therapeutic prodrug, it will be necessary to study its pharmacokinetic profile and its proximal metabolites (beta-hydroxybutyrate, 1,3-butanediol, and acetoacetate) in humans. Here we develop and validate two LC-MS methods for quantifying KE and its metabolites in human plasma.

The Caco-2 Model: Modifications and enhancements to improve efficiency and predictive performance.

The Caco-2 cell model has been widely used to assess the permeability of drug candidates. It has provided a high throughput in vitro platform, functionally resembling the enterocytes. Since the oral route is the most preferred for drug administration, the Caco-2 cell model acts as a very important tool to elucidate the oral "druggability" of a molecule by providing a fairly reliable estimate of its permeability through the intestinal membrane.