Wandering the Plasmodesmata Field as a Leaf Vein Pattern Finder.

The role of auxin in leaf vein patterning, as expressed through auxin signaling and polar transport, is well established and supported by both experimental and computational data. In contrast, the involvement of plasmodesmata (PDs) in the auxin-driven vein patterning process has only been considered in computational models. Recent experimental data have provided support for the involvement of PDs, specifically their facilitation of auxin movement, in the patterned vein formation process.

Fishery-based adaption to climate change: the case of migratory species flathead grey mullet ( L.) in Taiwan Strait, Northwestern Pacific.

The flathead gray mullet (.) is a cosmopolitan fish that lives in warm and temperate zones over 42°N-42°S. It is a key fish species for industrial fishing off coastal Taiwan.

Marine Floral Biodiversity, Threats, and Conservation in Vietnam: An Updated Review.

Part of the Indo-Chinese peninsula and located on the northwest edge of the Coral Triangle in the South China Sea, the Vietnamese coastal zone is home to a wealthy marine biodiversity associated with the regional geological setting and history, which supports a large number of marine ecosystems along a subtropical to tropical gradient. The diversity of coastal benthic marine primary producers is also a key biological factor supporting marine biological diversity. The present review provides: (1) an updated checklist of the Vietnamese marine flora, (2) a review of molecular-assisted alpha taxonomic efforts, (3) an analysis of marine floral biodiversity spatial distribution nationally and regionally (South China Sea), (4) a review of the impact of anthropogenic and environmental stressors on the Vietnamese marine flora, and (5) the efforts developed in the last decade for its conservation.

Correction: Leaf vein patterning is regulated by the aperture of plasmodesmata intercellular channels.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.

Leaf vein patterning is regulated by the aperture of plasmodesmata intercellular channels.

To form tissue networks, animal cells migrate and interact through proteins protruding from their plasma membranes. Plant cells can do neither, yet plants form vein networks. How plants do so is unclear, but veins are thought to form by the coordinated action of the polar transport and signal transduction of the plant hormone auxin.

Efficacy of Combination Therapy with Lenvatinib and Radioactive Iodine in Thyroid Cancer Preclinical Model.

Patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) usually have good prognosis, while those with advanced disease have poor clinical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of combination therapy with lenvatinib and I (CTLI) using three different types of DTC cell lines with different profiling of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) status. The radioiodine accumulation study revealed a significantly increased radioiodine uptake in K1-NIS cells after lenvatinib treatment, while there was almost no uptake in K1 and FTC-133 cells.

Confocal Imaging of Developing Leaves.

Questions in developmental biology are most frequently addressed by using fluorescent markers of otherwise invisible cell states. In plants, such questions can be addressed most conveniently in leaves. Indeed, from the formation of stomata and trichomes within the leaf epidermis to that of vein networks deep into the leaf inner tissue, leaf cells and tissues differentiate anew during the development of each leaf.

The Role of the 1,2,3-Triazolyl Heterocycle in the Helical Columnar Assembly and Electric Field Response.

Here, we have proven the role of the 1,2,3-triazolyl group in the helical assembly and electric field (E-field) response upon comparing liquid crystal analogs and based on 1,2,3-triazolyl and 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl linkers, respectively. An ordered helical column was only observed in , driven by the hydrogen-bonding interactions between the adjacent triazolyl nitrogen and hydrogen atoms. X-ray diffraction and energy simulations indicate that the helical column is a 11 helix and the helical axis does not coincide with the center of the molecular long axis.

Of Cells, Strands, and Networks: Auxin and the Patterned Formation of the Vascular System.

Throughout plant development, vascular cells continually form from within a population of seemingly equivalent cells. Vascular cells connect end to end to form continuous strands, and vascular strands connect at both or either end to form networks of exquisite complexity and mesmerizing beauty. Here we argue that experimental evidence gained over the past few decades implicates the plant hormone auxin-its production, transport, perception, and response-in all the steps that lead to the patterned formation of the plant vascular system, from the formation of vascular cells to their connection into vascular networks.

The canalization hypothesis - challenges and alternatives.

The 'canalization hypothesis' was suggested 50 years ago by Tsvi Sachs to account for the formation of vascular strands in response to wounding or auxin application. The hypothesis proposes that positive feedback between auxin movement through a cell and the cell's auxin conductivity leads to the gradual selection of narrow 'canals' of polar auxin transport that will differentiate into vascular strands. Though the hypothesis has provided an invaluable conceptual framework to understand the patterned formation of vascular strands, evidence has been accumulating that seems to be incompatible with the hypothesis.

Coordination of tissue cell polarity by auxin transport and signaling.

Plants coordinate the polarity of hundreds of cells during vein formation, but how they do so is unclear. The prevailing hypothesis proposes that GNOM, a regulator of membrane trafficking, positions PIN-FORMED auxin transporters to the correct side of the plasma membrane; the resulting cell-to-cell, polar transport of auxin would coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Contrary to predictions of the hypothesis, we find that vein formation occurs in the absence of PIN-FORMED or any other intercellular auxin-transporter; that the residual auxin-transport-independent vein-patterning activity relies on auxin signaling; and that a -dependent signal acts upstream of both auxin transport and signaling to coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation.

Ferroelectrically Switchable Axial Polarization in Columnar Liquid Crystalline Phases.

Recently, ferroelectrically switchable columnar LCs have drawn a great deal of attention for their generation of rich polarization domains. Because of their unique dielectric and self-assembly properties, they are considered to be a promising material for the design of sensors and ultra-high memory devices. Herein, ferroelectrically switchable LCs by using ester, amide, and 1,2,3-triazole groups are reviewed.

Coordination of cell polarity and the patterning of leaf vein networks.

During development, the behavior of cells in tissues is coordinated along specific orientations or directions by coordinating the polar localization of components in those cells. The coordination of such cell polarity is perhaps nowhere more spectacular than in developing leaves, where the polarity of hundreds of cells is coordinated in the leaf epidermis and inner tissue to pattern vein networks. Available evidence suggests that the spectacular coordination of cell polarity that patterns vein networks is controlled by auxin transport and levels, and by genes that have been implicated in the polar localization of auxin transporters.

Tracking control of piezoelectric actuator using adaptive model.

Piezoelectric actuators (PEAs) have been widely used in micro- and nanopositioning applications due to their fine resolution, rapid responses, and large actuating forces. However, a major deficiency of PEAs is that their accuracy is seriously limited by hysteresis. This paper presents adaptive model predictive control technique for reducing hysteresis in PEAs based on autoregressive exogenous model.

Control of vein network topology by auxin transport.

Background: Tissue networks such as the vascular networks of plant and animal organs transport signals and nutrients in most multicellular organisms. The transport function of tissue networks depends on topological features such as the number of networks' components and the components' connectedness; yet what controls tissue network topology is largely unknown, partly because of the difficulties in quantifying the effects of genes on tissue network topology. We address this problem for the vein networks of plant leaves by introducing biologically motivated descriptors of vein network topology; we combine these descriptors with cellular imaging and molecular genetic analysis; and we apply this combination of approaches to leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana that lack function of, overexpress or misexpress combinations of four PIN-FORMED (PIN) genes--PIN1, PIN5, PIN6, and PIN8--which encode transporters of the plant signal auxin and are known to control vein network geometry.

Social contact patterns in Vietnam and implications for the control of infectious diseases.

Background: The spread of infectious diseases from person to person is determined by the frequency and nature of contacts between infected and susceptible members of the population. Although there is a long history of using mathematical models to understand these transmission dynamics, there are still remarkably little empirical data on contact behaviors with which to parameterize these models. Even starker is the almost complete absence of data from developing countries.