Traumatic brain injury induces a sustained sensorimotor impairment associated with a dysregulated acute phase response in mice overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality worldwide, often leading to cognitive decline. Although there is a recognised link between TBI and the acceleration of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the precise biological mechanisms driving this relationship are not fully understood. While several studies have investigated TBI in AD mouse models, none have examined the role of systemic inflammation in this context.

Determination of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Indigenous Cereal Products of Pakistan.

Background: Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are important dietary gears for managing diabetes and reducing chronic disease risk.

Objective: The objective of study was to prepare glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) table, for the first time, of 50 indigenous cereal-based products of Pakistan.

Methodology: Test foods were categorized into 6 categories: bread, rice, porridges, biscuits, snacks, and desserts.

The isolation of VCAM-1 endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles using microfluidics.

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EC-EVs) are augmented in cardiovascular disease, where they can signal the deployment of immune cells from the splenic reserve. Endothelial cells in culture activated with pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-a) also release VCAM-1 EC-EVs. However, isolating VCAM-1 EC-EVs from conditioned cell culture media for subsequent in-depth analysis remains challenging.

The cost-effectiveness of a cash-based transfer, specialised nutritious food, and social and behaviour change communication intervention package to prevent undernutrition among children 6-23 months in Pakistan: A cluster randomised controlled trial.

Background: There is mixed evidence on the cost-effectiveness of cash transfers, along with food supplements and behaviour change communication interventions in improving child nutrition outcomes. To add to existing literature, we examined the cost-effectiveness of medium-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) and social and behaviour change communication (SBCC) messaging, separately and combined, compared to an existing unconditional cash transfers (UCT) programme in children 6-23 months of age in the district Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.

Methods: This was a four-arm, community-based cluster randomised controlled trial.

Enhanced biocatalytic laccase production using agricultural waste in solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus oryzae for p-chlorophenol degradation.

Agricultural residues are one of the most cost-effective and readily accessible carbon resources for producing commercially significant enzymes. Several enzymes have been used in different industries like pharmaceuticals, foods, textiles, and dyes that can be generated by various species of microbes found in waste from agriculture. The current research investigated laccase production by Aspergillus oryzae utilizing agricultural wastes.

Progress in enhancing the remediation performance of microbial fuel cells for contaminated groundwater.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have become more prevalent in groundwater remediation due to their capacity for power generation, removal of pollution, ease of assembly, and low secondary contamination. It is currently being evaluated for practical application in an effort to eliminate groundwater pollution. However, a considerable majority of research was conducted in laboratories.

Multi-organ single-cell RNA sequencing in mice reveals early hyperglycemia responses that converge on fibroblast dysregulation.

Diabetes causes a range of complications that can affect multiple organs. Hyperglycemia is an important driver of diabetes-associated complications, mediated by biological processes such as dysfunction of endothelial cells, fibrosis, and alterations in leukocyte number and function. Here, we dissected the transcriptional response of key cell types to hyperglycemia across multiple tissues using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and identified conserved, as well as organ-specific, changes associated with diabetes complications.

HDL regulates TGFß-receptor lipid raft partitioning, restoring contractile features of cholesterol-loaded vascular smooth muscle cells.

Background: Cholesterol-loading of mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (mVSMCs) downregulates , a master regulator of the contractile state downstream of TGFβ signaling. this results in transitioning from a contractile mVSMC to a macrophage-like state. This process likely occurs based on studies in mouse and human atherosclerotic plaques.

Abiogenic silicon: Interaction with potentially toxic elements and its ecological significance in soil and plant systems.

Abiogenic silicon (Si), though deemed a quasi-nutrient, remains largely inaccessible to plants due to its prevalence within mineral ores. Nevertheless, the influence of Si extends across a spectrum of pivotal plant processes. Si emerges as a versatile boon for plants, conferring a plethora of advantages.

Trained immunity in diabetes and hyperlipidemia: Emerging opportunities to target cardiovascular complications and design new therapies.

Some metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia, are associated with a state of inflammation, which adversely affects cardiovascular health. Emerging evidence suggests that long-term hyperactivation of innate immune cells and their bone marrow progenitors, termed trained immunity, functions to accelerate atherosclerosis and its complications in cardiometabolic diseases. This review will focus on how trained immunity is established, particularly through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming, to cause persistent and deleterious changes in immune cell function, even after the original stimulus has been corrected or removed.

Prospects for Precision Medicine in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Patient-Level Insights into Myocardial Injury and Repair.

The past decade has seen a marked expansion in the understanding of the pathobiology of acute myocardial infarction and the systemic inflammatory response that it elicits. At the same time, a portfolio of tools has emerged to characterise some of these processes in vivo. However, in clinical practice, key decision making still largely relies on assessment built around the timing of the onset of chest pain, features on electrocardiograms and measurements of plasma troponin.

Liver Transplantation: A Right or a Privilege? Sustainable Liver Transplant Financing With an Innovative Model for the Developing World.

Living donor liver transplant in addition to its lifesaving therapy is a cost-effective alternate to long-term disease management in patients with chronic liver disease. Financial constraint is the biggest hurdle faced by patients in developing countries in availing the liver transplantation. So, we conducted this study to report a government-funded financial support system for liver transplant services.

Comparative and integrated analysis of plasma extracellular vesicle isolation methods in healthy volunteers and patients following myocardial infarction.

Plasma extracellular vesicle (EV) number and composition are altered following myocardial infarction (MI), but to properly understand the significance of these changes it is essential to appreciate how the different isolation methods affect EV characteristics, proteome and sphingolipidome. Here, we compared plasma EV isolated from platelet-poor plasma from four healthy donors and six MI patients at presentation and 1-month post-MI using ultracentrifugation (UC), polyethylene glycol precipitation, acoustic trapping, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and immunoaffinity capture. The isolated EV were evaluated by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Western blot, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), an EV-protein array, untargeted proteomics (LC-MS/MS) and targeted sphingolipidomics (LC-MS/MS).

The long non-coding RNA promotes osteosarcoma proliferation and migration by sponging axis.

Background: The long-noncoding RNA colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed () gene has been found to be upregulated in several solid tumors. Whether affects osteosarcoma (OS) and its underling mechanism remains unknown.

Methods: Tumor tissues and corresponding normal tissues were collected from 45 patients with OS.

Rapid neutrophil mobilization by VCAM-1+ endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles.

Aims: Acute myocardial infarction rapidly increases blood neutrophils (<2 h). Release from bone marrow, in response to chemokine elevation, has been considered their source, but chemokine levels peak up to 24 h after injury, and after neutrophil elevation. This suggests that additional non-chemokine-dependent processes may be involved.

In sickness and in health: The functional role of extracellular vesicles in physiology and pathology in vivo: Part II: Pathology: Part II: Pathology.

It is clear from Part I of this series that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis of most, if not all, normal physiological systems. However, the majority of our knowledge about EV signalling has come from studying them in disease. Indeed, EVs have consistently been associated with propagating disease pathophysiology.

In sickness and in health: The functional role of extracellular vesicles in physiology and pathology in vivo: Part I: Health and Normal Physiology: Part I: Health and Normal Physiology.

Previously thought to be nothing more than cellular debris, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now known to mediate physiological and pathological functions throughout the body. We now understand more about their capacity to transfer nucleic acids and proteins between distant organs, the interaction of their surface proteins with target cells, and the role of vesicle-bound lipids in health and disease. To date, most observations have been made in reductionist cell culture systems, or as snapshots from patient cohorts.

Effectiveness of unconditional cash transfers combined with lipid-based nutrient supplement and/or behavior change communication to prevent stunting among children in Pakistan: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Background: In Pakistan, the prevalence of stunting among children younger than 5 y has remained above WHO critical thresholds (≥30%) over the past 2 decades.

Objectives: We hypothesized that an unconditional cash transfer (UCT) combined with lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) and/or social and behavior change communication (SBCC) will prevent stunting among children 6-23 mo of age.

Methods: This was a 4-arm, community-based cluster randomized controlled trial conducted in the district of Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.

Mitogen and Stress-Activated Kinases 1 and 2 Mediate Endothelial Dysfunction.

Inflammation promotes endothelial dysfunction, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined in vivo. Using translational vascular function testing in myocardial infarction patients, a situation where inflammation is prevalent, and knock-out (KO) mouse models we demonstrate a role for mitogen-activated-protein-kinases (MAPKs) in endothelial dysfunction. Myocardial infarction significantly lowers mitogen and stress kinase 1/2 (MSK1/2) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and diminished endothelial function.

Extracellular Vesicles in Innate Immune Cell Programming.

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a heterogeneous group of bilipid-enclosed envelopes that carry proteins, metabolites, RNA, DNA and lipids from their parent cell of origin. They mediate cellular communication to other cells in local tissue microenvironments and across organ systems. EV size, number and their biologically active cargo are often altered in response to pathological processes, including infection, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and in response to metabolic perturbations such as obesity and diabetes, which also have a strong inflammatory component.

Isolation and Characterization of Human Adipocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles using Filtration and Ultracentrifugation.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid enclosed envelopes that carry biologically active material such as proteins, RNA, metabolites and lipids. EVs can modulate the cellular status of other cells locally in tissue microenvironments or through liberation into peripheral blood. Adipocyte-derived EVs are elevated in the peripheral blood and show alterations in their cargo (RNA and protein) during metabolic disturbances, including obesity and diabetes.