Advances in Regenerative Therapies for Inflammatory Arthritis: Exploring the Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles.

Inflammatory arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), is a group of degenerative joint diseases that result in reduced mobility and a prevalent cause of disability. Despite differing etiologies, both conditions involve inflammation, affecting only the joints in OA and systemic in RA due to its autoimmune nature. Regenerative medicine offers promising alternatives, with a focus on the therapy with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and their secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs).

Pro-inflammatory properties of M1 phenotypes of human macrophages: prolongation of myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidative stress.

Macrophages and neutrophils are the main immune cells of the acute stage of inflammation. Upon their activation, membrane-bound NADPH oxidase produces superoxide anion radical, which is converted to HO by superoxide dismutase (SOD). In this study, we compared the production of hydrogen peroxide by two phenotypes of pro-inflammatory human M1 macrophages and neutrophils activated with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate.

The Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes vs. Matrix-Bound Nanovesicles from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Osteoarthritis Treatment.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease with limited therapeutic options, where inflammation plays a critical role in disease progression. Extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have shown potential as a therapeutic approach for OA by modulating inflammation and alleviating degenerative processes in the joint. This study evaluated the therapeutic effects for the treatment of OA of two types of EV-exosomes and matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBV)-both derived from the human umbilical cord MSC (UC-MSC) via differential ultracentrifugation.

Resveratrol's Impact on the Chondrogenic Reagents' Effects in Cell Sheet Cultures of Wharton's Jelly-Derived MSCs.

Human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) are of great interest in tissue engineering. We obtained hWJ-MSCs from four patients, and then we stimulated their chondrogenic phenotype formation in vitro by adding resveratrol (during cell expansion) and a canonical Wnt pathway activator, LiCl, as well as a Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor, Y27632 (during differentiation). The effects of the added reagents on the formation of hWJ-MSC sheets destined to repair osteochondral injuries were investigated.

Laser Bioprinting with Cell Spheroids: Accurate and Gentle.

Laser printing with cell spheroids can become a promising approach in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the use of standard laser bioprinters for this purpose is not optimal as they are optimized for transferring smaller objects, such as cells and microorganisms. The use of standard laser systems and protocols for the transfer of cell spheroids leads either to their destruction or to a significant deterioration in the quality of bioprinting.

Electrospinning vs. Electro-Assisted Solution Blow Spinning for Fabrication of Fibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering.

Biodegradable polymeric fibrous non-woven materials are widely used type of scaffolds for tissue engineering. Their morphology and properties could be controlled by composition and fabrication technology. This work is aimed at development of fibrous scaffolds from a multicomponent polymeric system containing biodegradable synthetic (polylactide, polycaprolactone) and natural (gelatin, chitosan) components using different methods of non-woven mats fabrication: electrospinning and electro-assisted solution blow spinning.

Effective and Easy Techniques of Collagen Deposition onto Polylactide Films: DC-Discharge Plasma Treatment vs. Chemical Entrapment.

Enhancement of cell adhesion and growth on surface of the biodegradable materials is one of the important tasks in development of materials for regenerative medicine. This work focuses on comparison of various methods of collagen coating deposition onto polylactide films, aiming to increase their biocompatibility with human mesenchymal stromal cells. The collagen deposition was realized using either preliminary plasma treatment of the polylactide films or pre-swelling in solvent mixture.

Building a tissue: Mesenchymal and epithelial cell spheroids mechanical properties at micro- and nanoscale.

Cell transitions between the epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes provide the regulated morphogenesis and regeneration throughout the ontogenesis. The tissue mechanics and mechanotransduction play an essential role in these processes. Cell spheroids reproduce the cell density of native tissues and represent simple building blocks for the tissue engineering purposes.

Fabrication of Conductive Tissue Engineering Nanocomposite Films Based on Chitosan and Surfactant-Stabilized Graphene Dispersions.

Chitosan (CS)/graphene nanocomposite films with tunable biomechanics, electroconductivity and biocompatibility using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Pluronic F108 (Plu) as emulsion stabilizers for the purpose of conductive tissue engineering were successfully obtained. In order to obtain a composite solution, aqueous dispersions of multilayered graphene stabilized with Plu/PVP were supplied with CS at a ratio of CS to stabilizers of 2:1, respectively. Electroconductive films were obtained by the solution casting method.

Mechanical properties of cell sheets and spheroids: the link between single cells and complex tissues.

Cell aggregates, including sheets and spheroids, represent a simple yet powerful model system to study both biochemical and biophysical intercellular interactions. However, it is becoming evident that, although the mechanical properties and behavior of multicellular structures share some similarities with individual cells, yet distinct differences are observed in some principal aspects. The description of mechanical phenomena at the level of multicellular model systems is a necessary step for understanding tissue mechanics and its fundamental principles in health and disease.

MAPK and Notch-Mediated Effects of Meso-Xanthin F199 Compounds on Proliferative Activity and Apoptosis of Human Melanocytes in Three-Dimensional Culture.

Meso-Xanthin (Meso-Xanthin F199™) is a highly active antiaging injection drug of the latest generation. The main acting compound is fucoxanthin, supplemented with several growth factors, vitamins, and hyaluronic acid. Previous examination of fucoxanthin on melanocytes showed its ability to inhibit skin pigmentation through different signaling pathways focused on suppression of melanogenic-stimulating receptors.

The Duo of Osteogenic and Angiogenic Differentiation in ADSC-Derived Spheroids.

Bone formation during embryogenesis is driven by interacting osteogenesis and angiogenesis with parallel endothelial differentiation. Thence, all bioengineering techniques are aimed at pre-vascularization of osteogenic bioequivalents to provide better regeneration outcomes upon transplantation. Due to appearance of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, 3D cultures of adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) provide a favorable spatial context for the induction of different morphogenesis processes, including vasculo-, angio-, and osteogenesis and, therefore, allow modeling their communication .

Terahertz radiation and the skin: a review.

Significance: Terahertz (THz) radiation has demonstrated a great potential in biomedical applications over the past three decades, mainly due to its non-invasive and label-free nature. Among all biological specimens, skin tissue is an optimal sample for the application of THz-based methods because it allows for overcoming some intrinsic limitations of the technique, such as a small penetration depth (0.1 to 0.

Evaluation of Supercritical CO-Assisted Protocols in a Model of Ovine Aortic Root Decellularization.

One of the leading trends in the modern tissue engineering is the development of new effective methods of decellularization aimed at the removal of cellular components from a donor tissue, reducing its immunogenicity and the risk of rejection. Supercritical CO (scCO)-assisted processing has been proposed to improve the outcome of decellularization, reduce contamination and time costs. The resulting products can serve as personalized tools for tissue-engineering therapy of various somatic pathologies.

Multicomponent Non-Woven Fibrous Mats with Balanced Processing and Functional Properties.

The mimicking of the architectonics of native tissue, biodegradable non-woven fibrous mats is one of the most promising forms of scaffolding for tissue engineering. The key properties needed for their successful application in vivo, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, morphology, mechanical properties, etc., rely on their composition and appropriate 3D structure.

Cell spheroid fusion: beyond liquid drops model.

Biological self-assembly is crucial in the processes of development, tissue regeneration, and maturation of bioprinted tissue-engineered constructions. The cell aggregates-spheroids-have become widely used model objects in the study of this phenomenon. Existing approaches describe the fusion of cell aggregates by analogy with the coalescence of liquid droplets and ignore the complex structural properties of spheroids.

Human Melanocyte-Derived Spheroids: A Precise Test System for Drug Screening and a Multicellular Unit for Tissue Engineering.

Pigmentation is the result of melanin synthesis, which takes place in melanocytes, and its further distribution. A dysregulation in melanocytes' functionality can result in the loss of pigmentation, the appearance of pigment spots and melanoma development. Tissue engineering and the screening of new skin-lightening drugs require the development of simple and reproducible models with maintained functional activity.

Isolation and characterization of trophoblasts from enzymatic explants of human term placenta.

In the present study, we describe a new method of isolation and culture of human villous and extravillous trophoblasts from term placenta. The cultivation of trypsinized placental villous tissue explants, followed by the isolation of cells from outgrowth islets allows for obtaining a cytotrophoblast subpopulation that is free from contamination by other cell types. Compared to other methods, our protocol is mild, simple and effective, does not request costly reagents and provides isolation of the mononuclear cytotrophoblast cell populations free from contamination by other types of placental cells.