Dissecting the clinical and pathophysiological complexity of fundus tessellation.

Fundus tessellation (FT)-also referred to as tigroid or mosaic fundus-is characterized by increased visibility of underlying choroidal vessels. While often a physiological finding, FT may also signal early pathology in conditions such as high myopia, choroidal atrophy, or pigmentary disorders. We synthesize current understanding of the anatomical, optical, and imaging factors influencing FT appearance, including the roles of axial elongation, melanin distribution, and media clarity.

Controversies and conundrums in pachychoroid spectrum disorders: A structured diagnostic approach.

The term pachychoroid, derived from the Greek word pachy meaning "thick," refers to a choroidal phenotype characterized by increased choroidal thickness, dilated outer choroidal vessels (pachyvessels), and attenuation of the overlying Sattler layer and choriocapillaris. Initially recognized in central serous chorioretinopathy, this phenotype is now acknowledged as the underlying pathophysiological basis for a broader spectrum of retinal disorders, including pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy, pachychoroid neovasculopathy, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, focal choroidal excavation, peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome, pachydrusen and pachychoroid geographic atrophy. Collectively referred to as the pachychoroid disease spectrum, these entities share common features such as structural choroidal remodeling, choroidal vascular hyperpermeability, and outer retinal or retinal pigment epithelial changes.

Long-term surgical outcomes of myopic traction maculopathy eyes treated outside of the MTM staging system guidelines.

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term surgical outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in managing myopic traction maculopathy (MTM), particularly in cases where macular buckle (MB) was the recommended intervention based on the MTM staging system (MSS), and to assess the feasibility of PPV in resource-limited settings.

Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 48 eyes from 36 patients diagnosed with MTM on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), managed by a single vitreoretinal surgeon. Inclusion criteria required high-quality OCT imaging and a minimum follow-up of 12 months.

Sequential Macular Hole Formation as a Rare Complication of Rickettsia Post Fever Retinitis.

Purpose: We describe a rare complication of macular hole formation in rickettsia post-fever retinitis.

Patients And Methods: Retrospective observational case report of a patient who presented with post-fever retinitis and cystoid macular edema that later progressed to a macular hole. Clinical record and multimodal imaging including fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were analyzed.

Phacovitrectomy vs. consecutive vitrectomy for idiopathic macular holes: short and long-term outcomes and OCT image quality assessment.

Purpose: To compare short- and long-term anatomical, functional, and refractive outcomes between combined phacovitrectomy (PVS) and consecutive vitrectomy (CVS) for idiopathic macular holes (MHs). Also, to evaluate the role of preoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) image quality in guiding surgical selection.

Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 183 phakic MH eyes operated between 2012 and 23, with patients divided into PVS and CVS groups.

Characteristics of submacular hemorrhage with bacillary layer detachment and intrabacillary hemorrhage.

PurposeTo study the outcomes of patients presenting with submacular hemorrhage (SMH) and bacillary layer detachment (BALAD) following intervention.MethodsThis retrospective study examined fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans to identify treatment-naive SMH and BALAD cases. Two groups were formed: SMH cases with and without BALAD.

Comparative analysis of pre-operative findings and post-operative outcomes in primary and secondary macular holes at a tertiary eye hospital in South India.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare demographics, clinical characteristics, and post-surgical outcomes between idiopathic and secondary full-thickness macular holes (MHs).

Methods: A retrospective analysis of 348 eyes from 339 patients treated between June 2017 and December 2023 was conducted. The study included both idiopathic and secondary MHs, excluding cases where surgery was not performed or lacked sufficient follow-up.

Evaluation of Systemic Risk Factors in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus for Detecting Diabetic Retinopathy with Random Forest Classification Model.

Background: This study aims to assess systemic risk factors in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and predict diabetic retinopathy (DR) using a Random Forest (RF) classification model.

Methods: We included DM patients presenting to the retina clinic for first-time DR screening. Data on age, gender, diabetes type, treatment history, DM control status, family history, pregnancy history, and systemic comorbidities were collected.

Characteristics of myelinated retinal nerve fibres in associated straatsma syndrome.

Purpose: To study cases diagnosed of myelinated retinal nerve fibres (MRNF) continuous with the optic disc and describe the plausible pathogenic mechanism for the ocular features in Straatsma syndrome.

Methods: This retrospective observational study includes clinically diagnosed MRNF cases. MRNF, myopia, and amblyopia defined Straatsma syndrome.

Progression of macular retinoschisis following intravitreal aflibercept injection for myopic macular neovascularization-a case report and review of literature.

Background: Macular retinoschisis (MRS) and myopic macular neovascularization (mMNV) are both potentially blinding complications of high myopia. In this case report, we highlight the progression of MRS after intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment for mMNV, as well as an extensive review of the literature on this topic.

Case Description: A 49-year-old woman presented with two weeks of recent onset blurring and metamorphopsia in her right eye.

Relationship between macular perfusion and lesion distribution in diabetic retinopathy.

Background/objectives: To assess the relationship between macular vessel density metrics and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) characteristics on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and lesion distribution in eyes with diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Subjects/methods: Patients with DR who underwent both Optos ultrawidefield (UWF) pseudocolor imaging and macular OCTA (Cirrus Angioplex, 6 × 6 mm) were included in this cross-sectional observational study. The distribution of DR lesions was assessed by comparing each of the peripheral ETDRS extended fields (3-7) against their corresponding ETDRS field, hence eyes were defined as either having predominantly peripheral lesions (PPL) or predominantly central lesions (PCL).

Internal limiting membrane separation and posterior vitreous hyperreflective dots: novel OCT findings in Purtscher-like retinopathy.

Background: Purtscher or Purtscher-like retinopathy is diagnosed by retinal hemorrhages and areas of retinal whitening on fundus examination, as well as a reduction in visual acuity due to microvascular occlusion of the precapillary retinal arterioles. We describe novel optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings of internal limiting membrane (ILM) separation and posterior hyperreflective dots in a case of Purtscher-like retinopathy in this report.

Methods: A 33-year-old man with acute pancreatitis and alcohol-induced liver disease presented to the retina department complaining of four days of painless vision loss in both eyes.

Progressive retinoschisis and retinal detachment after uncomplicated macular hole repair surgery.

Purpose: To report a rare case of progressive retinoschisis and retinal detachment after uncomplicated macular hole (MH) surgery.

Case Description: A 67-year-old man with recent onset vision complaints in the right eye (visual acuity - 20/30), was diagnosed with a small idiopathic full-thickness MH. He underwent a 3-port 25G pars plana vitrectomy surgery with internal limiting membrane peeling and air endotamponade.

Recommendations for initial diabetic retinopathy screening of diabetic patients using large language model-based artificial intelligence in real-life case scenarios.

Purpose: To study the role of artificial intelligence (AI) to identify key risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening and develop recommendations based on clinician and large language model (LLM) based AI platform opinions for newly detected diabetes mellitus (DM) cases.

Methods: Five clinicians and three AI applications were given 20 AI-generated hypothetical case scenarios to assess DR screening timing. We calculated inter-rater agreements between clinicians, AI-platforms, and the "majority clinician response" (defined as the maximum number of identical responses provided by the clinicians) and "majority AI-platform" (defined as the maximum number of identical responses among the 3 distinct AI).

Abnormal retinal vessel filling in central retinal artery occlusion.

Clinical Relevance: Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmic emergency with a poor prognosis. Several initial CRAO presentation factors can influence the final visual outcome. Fluorescein angiography filling of retinal vessels in CRAO has not been studied in great detail.

Vitreomacular interface abnormalities in type 2 macular telangiectasia (MacTel).

Purpose: To describe the different types of vitreomacular interface abnormalities (VMIA) seen on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in type 2 macular telangiectasia (MacTel) and explain the possible reasons for its development.

Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, type 2 MacTel eyes with macular volumetric OCT imaging protocol were included to identify different types of VMIA such as abnormal PVD, vitreomacular traction (VMT), ERM, and lamellar and full-thickness macular hole. The VMIA findings were then correlated with different MacTel disease stages and visual acuity.

Right-angled vessel characteristics in different stages of type 2 macular telangiectasia (MacTel).

Purpose: To study right-angled vessels (RAV) in disease progression and macular neovascularization in type 2 macular telangiectasia (MacTel) eyes.

Methods: This retrospective image analysis study examined type 2 MacTel patients' multicolour® and OCT imaging records from January 2015 to March 2023. Age, gender, laterality, visual acuity, systemic disease, and follow-up duration were recorded.

Congenital versus acquired optic disc pit maculopathy: An OCT based study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and compare the demographic, ocular, and imaging characteristics of a cohort of patients with congenital and acquired optic disc pit maculopathy (ODPM).

Methods: This retrospective case series included patients diagnosed with ODPM between June 2017 and April 2023. These patients' baseline demographics, ocular characteristics, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging characteristics and follow up changes were analyzed.

Baseline demographic, clinical and multimodal imaging features of young patients with type 2 macular telangiectasia.

Purpose: Macular telangiectasia (MacTel) type 2 is observed in patients in their 5th-8th decades of life. The clinical and imaging findings in younger patients is unknown in larger cohorts. The study purpose is to report prevalence, baseline clinical and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) findings in young MacTel patients below 40 years.

Evaluation of baseline optic disc pit and optic disc coloboma maculopathy features by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to describe and compare the baseline demographic, ocular, and imaging characteristics of a cohort of patients with optic disc pit (ODP) or optic disc coloboma (ODC) maculopathy.

Methods: This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with ODP or ODC on clinical examination between June 2017 and December 2022. These patients' baseline demographics, ocular characteristics, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging characteristics were analyzed.

Mid-phase pinpoint hyperfluorescent spots on fundus fluorescein angiography in acute central retinal artery occlusion - a novel imaging finding.

Purpose: To describe the development and outcome of mid-phase pinpoint hyperfluorescent spots (MPHS) on fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) in acute (< 7-day symptom onset) central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) patients.

Methods: This retrospective study included acute CRAO patients who underwent multimodal imaging utilizing optical coherence tomography (OCT) and FFA between June 2017 and January 2023. The correlation of FFA images with the OCT images in various stages and severity of CRAO were studied.