AI-generated multiple-choice questions in health science education: Stakeholder perspectives and implementation considerations.

Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are widely used in health science education because they are an efficient way to evaluate knowledge from simple recall to complex clinical reasoning. The creation of high-quality MCQs, however, can be time-consuming and requires expertise in question composition. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), especially large language models (LLMs), offer the potential to allow for the rapid generation of high-quality, consistent, and course-specific MCQs.

Expression of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) ligands and receptors in the ovine ovary and effects of PDGFBB on granulosa cell function.

Context While platelet derived growth factors (PDGF) are expressed in the ovary of some species, relatively little is known regarding the potential role that PDGF play in regulating ovarian follicular development. Aims To determine the effects of PDGF on granulosa cell function from ovine antral follicles and characterise the expression of PDGF ligands and receptors in developing follicles. Methods The effects of the PDGF ligand PDGFBB on thymidine incorporation and progesterone production of granulosa cells were determined with established bioassays.

Students Perceive Similar Gains in Collaboration, Communication and Professional Skills in Two Distinct Experiential Learning Courses.

Experiential learning (EL) is a high-impact teaching practice. Despite this, it can be challenging to embed EL into educational curricula at scale due to resource constraints, such as the number of faculty members available to supervise research projects. Here we report on two distinct elective courses in a Pharmacology curriculum, both of which incorporate EL in different ways.

Virtual delivery: a panacea for the financial and ethical challenges associated with physiology laboratory classes?

There has been a gradual shift in the delivery of physiology laboratory classes over the last 30 years. For many, wet-lab demonstrations using animal tissues have been reduced or replaced with student-led investigations where students are both subjects and researchers. Despite these changes, expectations remain that physiology courses should include a practical component to encourage deeper and higher-order learning.

International educators' attitudes, experiences, and recommendations after an abrupt transition to remote physiology laboratories.

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered university lockdowns, forcing physiology educators to rapidly pivot laboratories into a remote delivery format. This study documents the experiences of an international group of 10 physiology educators surrounding this transition. They wrote reflective narratives, framed by guiding questions, to answer the research question: "What were the changes to physiology laboratories in response to the COVID-19 pandemic?" These narratives probed educators' attitudes toward virtual laboratories before, during, and after the transition to remote delivery.

Physiology educators find community in the Physiology Majors Interest Group.

The Physiology Majors Interest Group (P-MIG) is a grass-roots consortium of physiology educators with the common interest of creating program-level guidelines for undergraduate physiology and related programs. A key component of the consortium's activities are the annual P-MIG conferences that have been held at different universities over the past 3 yr (Michigan State University, 2017; University of Arizona, 2018; and University of Minnesota, 2019). Postconference surveys indicate that the conferences are highly valued by the participants, as they have provided an opportunity to get to know others who are passionate about undergraduate education, to discuss best practices in program and course delivery, and to form working groups with the goal to develop national and international guidelines for physiology program delivery and assessment.

Professional skills for physiology majors: defining and refining.

Changing labor markets require a workforce that is broadly trained for a variety of possible careers. Recognizing this, government and industry representatives, along with students and their families, are encouraging universities and colleges to focus more on developing transferable skills to maximize employability of their graduates. In response, academic institutions and professional organizations have begun to develop lists of transferable professional skills that they expect students to have acquired on graduation.

Does Restrictive Lung Function Affect the Exercise Capacity in Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot?

Patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) have decreased exercise capacity (XC) and restrictive lung function (RLF). Our objective was to determine the association between RLF and impaired XC in patients with rTOF. This was a single center retrospective review of patients with rTOF who underwent a cardiopulmonary treadmill exercise testing and spirometry from 2005 to 2015.

Comparative Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children: Racial Disparity May Begin Early in Childhood.

African American (AA) adults are reported to have lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as compared to Caucasian adults. CRF is linked to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that the disparities start early in childhood.

The local regulation of folliculogenesis by members of the transforming growth factor superfamily and its relevance for advanced breeding programmes.

Regulation of the growth and maturation of the ovarian follicle is critical for normal reproductive function. Alterations in this growth can lead to pathological conditions, such as cystic follicles, reduced oocyte quality, or an abnormal endocrine environment leading to poor fertility. Alterations in follicular growth also influence the number of follicles ovulating and thus can change litter size.

Differential expression of CART in ewes with differing ovulation rates.

We hypothesised that cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript () would be differentially expressed in ewes with differing ovulation rates. Expression of mRNA for , as well as , , and was determined in antral follicles ≥1 mm in diameter collected during the follicular phase in ewes heterozygous for the Booroola and Inverdale genes (I+B+; average ovulation rate 4) and ++ contemporaries (++; average ovulation rate 1.8).

Prescribing or dispensing medication represents the best opportunity for GPs and pharmacists to engage older people in alcohol-related clinical conversations.

Objectives: This research aimed to identify older Australian drinkers' knowledge about Australian Alcohol Guidelines and their beliefs about the risks and benefits of alcohol; their recall of alcohol-related issues being raised with them by their community pharmacist and General Practitioner (GP); and their receptiveness to alcohol-related information being provided by either health professional.

Methods: This research was conducted in Perth, Western Australia. Flyers calling for participants were placed in local health and service centres, and advertisements were placed in local media.

Mutations in the leptin receptor gene associated with delayed onset of puberty are also associated with decreased ovulation and lambing rates in prolific Davisdale sheep.

The aim of this study was to determine if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene associated with delayed onset of puberty are associated with changes in other reproductive traits in adult ewes. The ovulation rate of ewes homozygous for the SNPs was ~15% lower (PPLEPR SNPs than their wild-type or heterozygous contemporaries. Partial failure of multiple ovulations was also increased (PLEPR had on average 0.

Low-fidelity hybrid sexual assault simulation training's effect on the comfort and competency of resident physicians.

Background: Alternative training methods are needed for resident physicians to ensure that care is not compromised should they practice in settings without well-established Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) programs.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a simulation-based sexual assault response course for resident physicians at an institution without an on-site SANE program.

Methods: Educational intervention study of 12 emergency medicine residents using a low-fidelity hybrid simulation model.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the LEPR gene are associated with divergent phenotypes for age at onset of puberty in Davisdale ewes.

Attainment of puberty is a key developmental event influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In examining age at attainment of puberty, we observed closely related rams from the Davisdale line whose daughters differed in age at which they attained puberty. A candidate gene approach was used to identify mutations that may underlie these observed differences.

Identification of a line of sheep carrying a putative autosomal gene increasing ovulation rate in sheep that does not appear to interact with mutations in the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.

Sheep lines with mutations in single genes that have major effects on ovulation rate have been very useful in gaining a better understanding of pathways important in controlling follicular development and ovulation rate. To date however, all known mutations are in the transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) superfamily. Ovulation rates were measured in 720 progeny of 20 rams that were descendants of a single prolific ewe.

Research preparedness paves the way to respond to pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus.

The international community has been preparing for an influenza pandemic because of the threat posed by H5N1 avian influenza. Over the past several years, Canada has dedicated funding to boost capacity for research, and public health and health care system readiness and response in the event of a pandemic. The current H1N1/09 influenza pandemic is now testing our readiness.

Patterns of expression of messenger RNAs encoding GDF9, BMP15, TGFBR1, BMPR1B, and BMPR2 during follicular development and characterization of ovarian follicular populations in ewes carrying the Woodlands FecX2W mutation.

Woodlands sheep have a putative genetic mutation (FecX2(W)) that increases ovulation rate. At present, the identity of FecX2(W) is unknown. The trait does not appear to be due to the previously described mutations in bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), or bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B (BMPR1B) that affect ovulation rate in sheep.

PAX genes in development and disease: the role of PAX2 in urogenital tract development.

PAX genes play an important role in fetal development. Moreover, heterozygous mutations in several PAX genes cause human disease. Here we review the role of PAX2 in kidney development, focusing on the morphological effects of PAX2 mutations.

Transgenic expression of numb inhibits notch signaling in immature thymocytes but does not alter T cell fate specification.

The conserved adaptor protein Numb is an intrinsic cell fate determinant that functions by antagonizing Notch-mediated signal transduction. The Notch family of membrane receptors controls cell survival and cell fate determination in a variety of organ systems and species. Recent studies have identified a role for mammalian Notch-1 signals at multiple stages of T lymphocyte development.