Characterizing Long COVID Symptoms During Early Childhood.

Importance: Recent studies have identified characteristic symptom patterns of long COVID (LC) in adults and children older than 5 years. However, LC remains poorly characterized in early childhood. This knowledge gap limits efforts to identify, care for, and prevent LC in this vulnerable population.

Factors Associated With Child and Youth Mental Health Readmissions From a US National Database.

Objective: To describe and identify factors associated with mental health (MH) readmission rates for youth ages 5 to 17 years discharged between January 2019 and November 2019.

Method: This retrospective, cross-sectional analysis using the 2019 Nationwide Readmissions Database identified hospitalizations for patients with a primary diagnosis of an MH condition using the Clinical Classification Software groupings, which are based on codes. Various patient characteristics including comorbidities were included in univariate and multivariate analysis to study their association with psychiatric readmission.

Caregiver Intent and Willingness to Accept COVID-19 Vaccine in the Pediatric Emergency Department.

Background: While COVID-19 vaccine (CV) acceptance is improving, little is known about parental acceptance of CV in the pediatric emergency department (PED).

Objectives: The aims of the study are to assess rates of CV uptake among eligible children presenting to the PED, describe caregiver willingness to accept CV in the PED, and assess potential ED-based interventions to increase CV acceptance.

Methods: We surveyed caregivers of 384 children aged ≥6 months presenting to the PED for minor illness/injury.

Researching COVID to enhance recovery (RECOVER) pediatric study protocol: Rationale, objectives and design.

Importance: The prevalence, pathophysiology, and long-term outcomes of COVID-19 (post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 [PASC] or "Long COVID") in children and young adults remain unknown. Studies must address the urgent need to define PASC, its mechanisms, and potential treatment targets in children and young adults.

Observations: We describe the protocol for the Pediatric Observational Cohort Study of the NIH's REsearching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Initiative.

Use of the Child Opportunity Index to Examine Racial Variations in Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing to Children.

To examine further racial and ethnic variations in antibiotic prescribing to children, we used the Child Opportunity Index. Black children were less likely to be prescribed an antibiotic. Low- and moderate-opportunity areas were associated with greater rates of antibiotic prescribing, after adjusting for race and other factors.

COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Pediatricians Entering the Pediatric Workforce.

Objective: Determine extent of impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on career choice and employment of pediatricians entering pediatric workforce.

Methods: A national, cross-sectional electronic survey of pediatricians registering for the 2021 American Board of Pediatrics initial general certifying examination on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on 3 aspects of career (career choice, employment search, employment offers) was performed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression to determine factors associated with the pandemic's impact on career.

Quality of antibiotic prescribing to children through the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Objective: To describe pediatric outpatient visits and antibiotic prescribing during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Design: An observational, retrospective control study from January 2019 to October 2021.

Setting: Outpatient clinics, including 27 family medicine clinics, 27 pediatric clinics, and 26 urgent or prompt care clinics.

The Early Effects of the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic on Pediatric Resident Education: A National Assessment.

Purpose: Residency programs must ensure resident competence for independent practice. The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted health care delivery, impacting pediatric residencies. This study examines the impact on pediatric resident education.

Scholarly activity training in pediatric pulmonology fellowship programs.

Background: Scholarly activity training is a required component of pediatric pulmonology fellowship programs. However, there are no data on resources and barriers to training and factors associated with fellow productivity.

Methods: We surveyed US pediatric pulmonology fellowship program directors (FPDs) between March and October 2019.

Serum periostin among infants with severe bronchiolitis and risk of developing asthma: A prospective multicenter cohort study.

Background: Infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis (severe bronchiolitis) are at high risk for developing childhood asthma. However, the pathobiological link between these conditions remains unclear. We examined the longitudinal relationship of periostin (an extracellular matrix protein upregulated in response to type 2 inflammation) during bronchiolitis with the subsequent development of asthma.

Inappropriate outpatient antibiotic use in children insured by Kentucky Medicaid.

Objective: To describe risk factors associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing to children.

Design: Cross-sectional, retrospective analysis of antibiotic prescribing to children, using Kentucky Medicaid medical and pharmacy claims data, 2017.

Participants: Population-based sample of pediatric Medicaid patients and providers.

Scholarly Activity During Pediatric Fellowship.

Background And Objectives: The educational requirements for pediatric fellows include at least 12 months of scholarly activity and generation of a work product. Yet there lacks detailed guidance on how programs can best integrate scholarly activity training into fellowships. Our objectives were to understand the resources and barriers to training and identify factors associated with productivity.

Scholarly Activity Training During Pediatric Residency: How Well Aligned Are Program Directors and Residents?

Objective: Training residents to be scholars is endorsed by leading medical education organizations. Our previous research suggests that the scholarly activity (SA) training experience is highly variable across pediatric residency programs, and residents and program directors (PDs) are generally dissatisfied. Understanding how PD and resident views align can help programs better guide resource allocation and improvement efforts.

Safety of prolonged magnesium sulfate infusions during treatment for severe pediatric status asthmaticus.

Objective: Magnesium sulfate (Mg) is one of several "second-tier" therapies for treating severe status asthmaticus. Pediatric reports primarily describe bolus use with limited data regarding prolonged infusions. We sought to describe the safety of prolonged Mg infusions during therapy of status asthmaticus in critically ill children.

Scholarly Collaboration, Mentorship, and Friendship: A New Model for Success in Academic Medicine.

Mentorship can be one of the most important factors in helping faculty members successfully advance academic careers. Finding effective mentorship, however, is extremely challenging and lack of mentorship may negatively impact productivity, promotion, and retention. Women, in particular, identify lack of mentorship as a major factor inhibiting career advancement, which in turn may be one element contributing to the significant gender gaps existing in academic medicine.

Association of Serum Albumin With Apnea in Infants With Bronchiolitis: A Secondary Analysis of Data From the MARC-35 Study.

Importance: Apnea is a rare, life-threatening complication of bronchiolitis, the leading cause of infant hospitalization in the United States. Currently, no objective method exists for identifying which infants will become apneic.

Objective: To investigate whether serum albumin levels are associated with apnea in infants with severe bronchiolitis.

Parent Intent and Willingness to Immunize Children Against Influenza in the Pediatric Emergency Department.

Objectives: To determine rates of influenza immunization among children treated in a pediatric emergency department (ED) and to ascertain parent willingness for children to receive influenza vaccine (IV) in the ED.

Methods: Interviews were conducted with parents of children 6 months or older evaluated in the ED for minor illness or injury. Demographic data, IV history, and intent and willingness to receive future IV were recorded during the summer of 2013.

Scholarly Activity Training During Residency: Are We Hitting the Mark? A National Assessment of Pediatric Residents.

Objective: Participation in scholarly activity (SA) is an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requirement. Our previous research with program directors (PDs) suggests that pediatric SA training is variable and suboptimal. To help programs better meet requirements, our objective was to understand the resident perspective regarding SA training, including factors associated with satisfaction and productivity.

Economic Analysis of Diagnostic Imaging in Pediatric Patients With Suspected Appendicitis.

Objective: The use of computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) in patients with acute abdominal pain has substantial variation across pediatric emergency departments (EDs). This study compares the cost of diagnosing and treating suspected appendicitis across a multicenter network of children's hospitals.

Methods: This study is a secondary analysis using deidentified data of a prospective, observational study of patients with suspected appendicitis at nine pediatric EDs.