Long-term retention of diabetes management skills in type 1 diabetic patients trained with advanced technologies.

Objectives: The effectiveness of diabetes management depends significantly on patients' knowledge of key concepts such as carbohydrate counting, bolus timing, duration of insulin action, and the interpretation of trend arrows. This study aims to evaluate the understanding of these concepts among patients with type 1 diabetes who are using advanced technologies.

Methods: From January 2024 to July 2024, consecutive patients with type 1 diabetes who met inclusion criteria were enrolled.

How should we differentiate hypoglycaemia in non-diabetic patients?

Hypoglycaemic syndromes are rare in apparently healthy individuals and their diagnosis can be a difficult challenge for clinicians as there are no shared guidelines that suggest how to approach patients with a suspect hypoglycaemic disorder. Since hypoglycaemia symptoms are common and nonspecific, it's necessary to document the Whipple Triad (signs and/or symptoms compatible with hypoglycaemia; relief of symptoms following glucose administration; low plasma glucose levels) before starting any procedure. Once the triad is documented, a meticulous anamnesis and laboratory tests (blood glucose, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, β-hydroxybutyrate and anti-insulin antibodies) should be performed.