Inflammatory markers activation associated with vapor or smoke exposure in Wistar rats.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were introduced two decades ago as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, aiming to assist in smoking cessation. However, the global use of e-cigarettes has surged, with the highest prevalence among adolescents and young adults. Despite their popularity, the safety of e-cigarettes remains controversial, with emerging evidence linking their use to various health risks, including cardiovascular issues, respiratory diseases, and a condition known as e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI).

Expression of CD226 on γδ T cells is lower in advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia and correlates with IgA, IgG and LDH levels.

Background: Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells comprise an important subset of human T cells, responding to viral and bacterial infections, and are significant for cancer immunosurveillance. Human γδ T cells are divided into 5 major subsets, namely Vδ1-Vδ5, of which the latter 3 have limited available literature. At present, Vδ2 is the most studied subpopulation.

Prognostic Potential of Galectin-9 mRNA Expression in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Galectin-9 (Gal-9), very poorly characterized in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), was chosen in our study to examine its potential role as a CLL biomarker. The relation of Gal-9 expression in malignant B-cells and other routinely measured CLL markers, as well as its clinical relevance are poorly understood. Gal-9 mRNA expression was quantified with RT-qPCR in purified CD19+ B-cells of 100 CLL patients and analyzed in the context of existing clinical data.

Changes in Histological Structure, Interleukin 12, Smooth Muscle Actin and Nitric Oxide Synthase 1. and 3. Expression in the Liver of Running and Non-Running Wistar Rats Supplemented with Bee Pollen or Whey Protein.

Bee pollen is a natural substance obtained from flowers by bees. It is a rich source of protein, vitamins and minerals. It can be used as a dietary supplement.

The Mysterious Actor-γδ T Lymphocytes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL).

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common leukaemia among adults. It is the clonal expansion of B cells expressing CD19 and CD5. Despite significant progress in treatment, CLL is still incurable.

NKT and NKT-like Cells in Autoimmune Neuroinflammatory Diseases-Multiple Sclerosis, Myasthenia Gravis and Guillain-Barre Syndrome.

NKT cells comprise three subsets-type I (invariant, iNKT), type II, and NKT-like cells, of which iNKT cells are the most studied subset. They are capable of rapid cytokine production after the initial stimulus, thus they may be important for polarisation of Th cells. Due to this, they may be an important cell subset in autoimmune diseases.

γδ T Lymphocytes in Asthma: a Complicated Picture.

A minor subset (approximately 5%) of peripheral T cells has their TCR build up from γ and δ chains instead of α and β-those are the γδ T lymphocytes. They can be functionally divided into subsets, e.g.

Lung histomorphological alterations in rats exposed to cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette vapour.

Electronic cigarettes are becoming increasingly common as a form of nicotine usage, known as vaping. Numerous studies have demonstrated that using electronic cigarettes may lead to nicotine dependence and has a potentially harmful impact on health. The present study compared the impact of electronic and conventional cigarettes on lung tissue.

Lower weight gain after vaping cessation than after smoking quitting.

Background: Smoking is frequently a way to control appetite and weight. The data concerning the body mass gain after quitting among the users of electronic cigarettes who have no prior history of smoking traditional cigarettes is inconsistent.

Objective: In our study we have compared smoking and vaping impact on weight gain and glycaemia.

RORγT is overexpressed in iNKT and γδ T cells during relapse in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

The aim of the current study is to evaluate IL-17 production and RORγT, and IL-23R expression by iNKT, Th17 and γδ T cells in the peripheral blood of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Samples of peripheral blood from 21 relapse patients and 12 remission patients, and 15 healthy volunteers were stained with monoclonal antibodies for flow cytometry analysis. No significant differences in iNKT, γδ T and Th17 percentages were noted.

The role of interleukin 22 in multiple sclerosis and its association with c-Maf and AHR.

The aim of this paper was to summarise knowledge of IL-22 involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS) and the possible link between IL-22 and two transcription factors - AHR and c-Maf. The conclusion is that despite numerous studies, the exact role of IL-22 in the pathogenesis of MS is still unknown. The expression and function of c-Maf in MS have not been studied.

Changes in histological structure and nitric oxide synthase expression in aorta of rats supplemented with bee pollen or whey protein.

Various protein-based supplements are at least periodically consumed by 30%-40% of sportspeople. The current study compares cardiovascular effects of diet supplementation with 2 different protein-rich products: bee pollen and whey protein. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups, one subjected to daily moderate physical activity and one not.

γδ T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

The aim of the current review is to summarize the results of studies on the role of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and its animal model - the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Despite the fact that numerous studies have been performed, the role of γδ T is still not fully understood. It seems that there are two distinct subpopulations - one exacerbating the disease (IL-17-producing) and the other playing a protective role (IFN-γ-secreting).

CB2R agonist prevents nicotine induced lung fibrosis.

Introduction: Nicotine stimulates fibroblast proliferation while increasing inflammation and fibrosis of tissues. The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) is mainly located in the CNS, while cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) is located in the immune cells within the body. CB2R regulates inflammatory processes and fibroblast function.

Decrease in Lipid Droplets in Adrenal Cortex of Male Wistar Rats after Chronic Exposure to Energy Drinks.

: Energy drinks are popular non-alcoholic beverages. They are consumed in large amounts, mainly by active, young people. Although they are easily accessible and marketed as safe, numerous cases of adverse effects have been published, including cardiac arrest, arrythmias, acute hepatitis, and renal failure.

Vaccination among Polish university students. Knowledge, beliefs and anti-vaccination attitudes.

Anti-vaccination movement has existed as long as the vaccines themselves, but its mode of action and social influences evolved over time. Such attitude with no doubt has negative impact on vaccination rates and eradication of infectious diseases. In this study, we used an online survey to examine vaccination attitudes of Polish university students of various degree and specialties.

Analysis of Polish internet retail sites offering electronic cigarettes.

Background: Electronic cigarettes as possibly healthier alternative to conventional cigarettes are gaining popularity worldwide, although they are still hazardous to human health. Partly it is caused by unregulated advertising and online sales. Unfortunately it is more and more popular for youth to try electronic cigarettes.

Tobacco smokers and electronic cigarettes users among Polish universities students.

Background: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are small battery-powered electronic devices, heating the liquid to produce vapour--in most cases the latter contains nicotine and several flavourings. E-cigarettes are highly advertised across the media, mainly as healthy substitute to conventional cigarettes, aid in quitting smoking addiction or way of circumventing ban on smoking in public places.

Objective: The aim of study was obtaining epidemiological data on cigarette smoking and electronic cigarette usage among Polish universities students.