Incongruent Expectations: A Qualitative Study of the Gendered Experiences of Canadian Young People.

While the early mental health of girls and boys is similar, as children age, girls tend to report worse mental health than boys. Explanations for these gendered disparities remain elusive. This study seeks to understand the social context in which mental health experiences are shaped.

Comparative Effectiveness of Total Hip Arthroplasty and Hemiarthroplasty for Femoral Neck Fracture: A Propensity-Score-Matched Cohort Study.

Background: The optimal treatment of older patients with a displaced femoral neck fracture remains a controversial topic. This study aimed to compare clinical outcomes across a matched group of patients with a femoral neck fracture treated with either hemiarthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Methods: Routinely collected health-care databases were linked to create a population-based cohort of 49,597 patients ≥60 years old from Ontario, Canada, who underwent hemiarthroplasty or THA for a femoral neck fracture between 2002 and 2017.

Association of topical glaucoma medications with lacrimal drainage obstruction and eyelid malposition.

Background/objectives: Adverse effects of topical glaucoma medications (TGMs) may include development of ocular adnexal disorders. We undertook a study to determine the effect of TGMs on the risk of developing lacrimal drainage obstruction (LDO) and eyelid malposition.

Subjects/methods: All patients 66 years of age and older in Ontario, Canada initiating TGM and all patients diagnosed with glaucoma/suspected glaucoma but not receiving TGM from 2002 to 2018 were eligible for inclusion in this retrospective cohort study.

The impact of image resolution on power, bias, and confounding: A simulation study of ambient light at night exposure.

Unlabelled: Studies of the impact of environmental pollutants on health outcomes can be compromised by mismeasured exposures or unmeasured confounding with other environmental exposures. Both problems can be exacerbated by measuring exposure from data sources with low spatial resolution. Artificial light at night, for example, is often estimated from low-resolution satellite images, which may result in substantial measurement error and increased correlation with air or noise pollution.

The Associations of Shift Work, Sleep Quality, and Incidence of Hypertension in Ontario Adults: A Population-Based Study.

Background: Relatively few population-based studies have explored the relationship and potential mechanisms between exposure to shift work and hypertension. The study objectives for this study were to determine 1) if history of shift work was associated with increased rates of hypertension among working adults, and 2) if sleep quality mediated this relationship.

Methods: We conducted a population-based cohort study using data from Ontario respondents (aged 35-69 y) in the 2000-2001 Canadian Community Health Survey, which was linked to administrative health data housed at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences.

Outdoor light at night at residences and breast cancer risk in Canada.

Experimental and epidemiologic studies suggest that light at night (LAN) exposure disrupts circadian rhythm, and this disruption may increase breast cancer risk. We investigated the potential association between residential outdoor LAN and breast cancer risk. A population-based case-control study was conducted in Vancouver, British Columbia and Kingston, Ontario, Canada with incident breast cancer cases, and controls frequency matched by age in the same region.

An Investigation of Chiropractor-Directed Weight-Loss Interventions: Secondary Analysis of O-COAST.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate weight-loss interventions offered by Canadian doctors of chiropractic to their adult patients.

Methods: This paper reports a secondary analysis of data from the Ontario Chiropractic Observation and Analysis STudy (N = 42 chiropractors, N = 2162 patient encounters). Multilevel logistic regression was performed to assess the odds of chiropractors initiating or continuing weight management interventions with patients.

The impact of drug coverage on viral suppression among people living with HIV in Ontario, Canada.

Objectives: We investigated the effect of drug coverage on viral suppression (sVL) in Ontario, Canada, where there is no universal coverage of prescription drugs, including antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods: Ontarians without employment coverage may be eligible for varying degrees of coverage through government-sponsored programs. Remaining individuals pay all expenses entirely out of pocket.

Impact of exposure to phenols during early pregnancy on birth weight in two Canadian cohort studies subject to measurement errors.

Background: It is of interest to know whether early pregnancy exposure to phenols such as bisphenol-A (BPA) or triclosan (TCS) negatively impacts birth weight outcomes. Exposure to these chemicals is widespread in the Canadian population but obtaining accurate measurements of average exposure is difficult because these chemicals are rapidly excreted from the body, causing body levels to fluctuate both within and between days, as observed in a recent Canadian study (P4). This measurement error can attenuate the estimated effects of exposures.

Adaptive sampling in two-phase designs: a biomarker study for progression in arthritis.

Response-dependent two-phase designs are used increasingly often in epidemiological studies to ensure sampling strategies offer good statistical efficiency while working within resource constraints. Optimal response-dependent two-phase designs are difficult to implement, however, as they require specification of unknown parameters. We propose adaptive two-phase designs that exploit information from an internal pilot study to approximate the optimal sampling scheme for an analysis based on mean score estimating equations.

Incomplete data in randomized dermatology trials: consequences and statistical methodology.

Randomized clinical trials can provide the highest level of evidence regarding the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. When individuals in trials do not complete the planned treatment period it is often not possible to observe the desired outcomes, which results in incomplete data. Here we review various mechanisms which can lead to incomplete data, discuss the impact of these mechanisms, and present strategies for dealing with incomplete data.