The effect of hypothyroidism on color contrast sensitivity: a prospective study.

Background: Thyroid hormone has been shown to control retinal cone opsin expression, the protein of color vision, in adult rodents.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hypothyroidism on color contrast sensitivity in adult overt hypothyroid patients.

Methods: Thirty-eight overt hypothyroid (31 females, 7 males) subjects and 20 euthyroid (16 females, 4 males) controls were studied prospectively.

Coexistence of THRB and TBG gene mutations in a Turkish family.

Objective: Resistance to thyroid hormone is a syndrome characterized by high serum free T4 levels and unsuppressed serum TSH concentration. Thyroxine-binding globulin complete deficiency manifests with low serum total T4 and T3 levels and normal serum TSH concentration. Our objective is to describe a family with the coexistence of resistance to thyroid hormone and thyroxine-binding globulin complete deficiency.

Thyroid lipomatosis.

Thyroid lipomatosis is a rare condition characterized by the presence of abundant mature adipose tissue in the thyroid gland. We herein report the case of a 43-year-old man with chronic renal failure caused by amyloidosis presenting with an asymmetrically enlarging thyroid gland. The patient's thyroid hormone levels were normal, and test results for thyroid autoantibodies were negative.

Serum CXCL10 levels and neuromuscular manifestations in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Objective: Serum C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) levels have been shown to be elevated in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). This study sought to determine whether newly diagnosed AITD patients with neuromuscular findings had higher levels of CXCL10 than those without neuromuscular manifestations.

Design: A total of 80 patients were recruited to the study, which included treatment-naive hypothyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis (n = 19) and hyperthyroid Graves' disease (GD; n = 21), euthyroid thyroid autoantibody-positive (n = 20) and -negative (n = 20) patients.

The molecular pathogenesis and management of bronchial carcinoids.

Introduction: In terms of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), the lung is the second most common site of occurrence, after the gastro-entero-pancreatic axis, and comprises ∼ 25% of all NETs which may occur in various parts of the body. Pulmonary NETs are classified into four groups including typical carcinoid tumors, atypical carcinoid tumors, small cell lung carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. Among pulmonary NETs, typical and atypical carcinoid tumors of the lung are generally indolent, but do have a (albeit low) potential to metastasize.

Somatostatin receptor biology in neuroendocrine and pituitary tumours: part 1--molecular pathways.

Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) may occur at many sites in the body although the majority occur within the gastroenteropancreatic axis. Non-gastroenteropancreatic NETs encompass phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas, medullary thyroid carcinoma, anterior pituitary tumour, broncho-pulmonary NETs and parathyroid tumours. Like most endocrine tumours, NETs also express somatostatin (SST) receptors (subtypes 1-5) whose ligand SST is known to inhibit endocrine and exocrine secretions and have anti-tumour effects.

Significant hyperkalemia and hyponatremia secondary to telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide treatment.

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has crucial importance in maintaining blood pressure; thus blockade of RAAS is an effective antihypertensive treatment choice. The final step in RAAS stimulation is aldosterone secretion by angiotensin II, which leads to increased renal tubular sodium absorption and potassium secretion. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) allow blockade of RAAS by blocking binding of angiotensin II to the AT(1) receptors.

Hashitoxicosis (or Graves' disease?) with pericardial effusion.

Regarding the letter to the Editor entitled "Hashitoxicosis with pericardial effusion" (published online in April 2009); a case with subclinical thyrotoxicosis has been diagnosed as Hashitoxicosis depending on the ultrasonographic thyroid echo pattern and positive thyroid autoantibodies. The validity of this diagnosis and probability of Graves' disease in this case has been discussed.

Targeting MAPK (Ras/ERK) and PI3K/Akt pathways in pituitary tumorigenesis.

Background: Pituitary adenomas are common intracranial neoplasms, comprising 10 - 15% of all brain tumors. Data from autopsy studies suggest that pituitary adenomas develop in 17 - 25% of the population. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of sporadic pituitary tumors still remains obscure.

Thyroid hemiagenesis with Graves' disease, Graves' ophthalmopathy and multinodular goiter.

Thyroid hemiagenesis is a rare congenital anomaly in which one of the thyroid lobes with or without isthmus fails to develop. Here we present a woman patient with thyroid hemiagenesis, Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy with nodular goiter. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the dominant nodule was suspicious of malignancy.

Medullary thyroid cancer: molecular biology and novel molecular therapies.

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) arises from neural-crest-derived parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland and accounts for approximately 4% of all thyroid cancers. Up to 25-30% of MTC cases occur as inherited disorders while the remaining cases represent the sporadic form of the disease. In this review, the structure and signalling properties of the RET proto-oncogene in its wild-type and mutant forms, and its role in hereditary and sporadic MTC, are discussed.

Incidental thyroid carcinoma in thyrotoxic patients treated by surgery.

Background And Aims: Thyroid malignancy detected incidentally in patients who are operated for thyrotoxicosis has been reported at different rates. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of incidental thyroid carcinoma in thyrotoxic patients managed with surgery in our institution.

Methods: Of the 375 thyrotoxic patients who had thyroid surgery between the years of 1997-2004, 70.

Cortisol levels during an oral glucose tolerance test in lean and obese women.

Because of the similarities between Cushing's syndrome and insulin resistance syndrome,cortisol metabolism in obesity has been investigated in numerous studies. Our study investigates serum glucose, insulin, and cortisol response to oral glucose stimulation in a group of obese and lean normotensive, normolipidemic, and glucose-tolerant premenopausal women. Twenty-one obese [body mass index (BMI) 37Z +/- 6.

Euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy with negative autoantibodies.

Graves' disease is an autoimmune-based hyperthyroidism in which a number of different antibodies directed against thyroid tissue plays a role. Graves' ophthalmopathy is thought to be a consequence of this autoimmune basis and occurs in some patients with Graves' disease. On occasional cases, the disease may present only with ophthalmopathy without hyperthyroidism.

Leptin response to oral glucose tolerance test in obese and nonobese premenopausal women.

The objective of this study was to investigate the serum leptin response to oral glucose stimulation in a group of obese and nonobese normotensive, normolipidemic, and glucose-tolerant premenopausal women. Twenty-one obese (BMI: 37.7 +/- 6.

Marine-Lenhart syndrome.

Graves' disease and toxic nodular goiter both cause thyrotoxicosis by different pathophysiological mechanisms. Cases with both etiologies have the diagnosis of Marine-Lenhart syndrome. Such a case is presented in this paper.

A case of rhabdomyolysis associated with thyrotoxicosis.

Rhabdomyolysis is found to be associated with trauma; alcohol; drugs; viral infections, such as HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and influenza; metabolic disorders; dermatomyositis; polymyositis; and hypothyroidism. Few cases of rhabdomyolysis associated with thyrotoxicosis have been reported. A patient who presented with delirium to the emergency department and was diagnosed with thyrotoxicosis and rhabdomyolysis is hereby presented.

Prolonged hyperglycemia in the early subacute period after cerebral infarction: effects on short term prognosis.

Although the adverse effect of admission hyperglycemia in cerebral infarction on prognosis is well known, studies generally have not questioned the effect of hyperglycemia in the early subacute period on prognosis after a stroke. Forty-six patients with acute ischemic stroke were seperated into 3 groups: Group 1) Known diabetes or admission blood glucose (ABG) > or = 140 mg/dl and HbA1c > or = 8,0%); Group 2) ABG > or = 140 mg/dl and HbA1c < 8,0%; and Group 3) ABG < 140 mg/dl and HbA1c < 8,0%. Blood glucose was followed-up 4 times a day for 10 days after the stroke and the mean of these measurements was calculated as the mean of glycemic regulation (MGR).

Comparison of efficacy of sibutramine or orlistat versus their combination in obese women.

Objective: Sibutramine and orlistat are currently used for weight loss. We aimed to investigate the effect of orlistat and sibutramine combination therapy in treatment of obese women.

Subjects And Design: Study population consisted of 89 obese women who had a body mass index > or = 30 kg/m2, were normotensive, and had normal glucose tolerance.