Injuries and associated risk factors of the shoulder and elbow among adolescent baseball pitchers: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature surrounding risk factors associated with shoulder and elbow injuries among adolescent baseball pitchers.

Methods: Relevant studies were assessed for inclusion and retained from PubMed, EMBASE, SportDiscus, and CINAHL databases. Data was extracted from the retained studies and underwent methodological quality assessment and meta-analysis.

Using fee-for-service testing to generate revenue for the 21st century public health laboratory.

Objectives: The decrease in appropriations for state public health laboratories (SPHLs) has become a major concern as tax revenues and, subsequently, state and federal funding, have decreased. These reductions have forced SPHLs to pursue revenue-generating opportunities to support their work. We describe the current state of funding in a sampling of SPHLs and the challenges these laboratories face as they implement or expand fee-for-service testing.