Integrin linked kinase and threonine tyrosine kinase modulate TCR signaling.

T cell activation is critical for adaptive immunity, helping to protect the body from infection and tumors. A key step in this activation is signal transduction downstream of the T cell antigen receptor. This signaling involves several steps, with early ones occurring at the plasma membrane and others that occur later, after TCR internalization.

Specific Requirement of the p84/p110γ Complex of PI3Kγ for Antibody-Activated, Inducible Cross-Presentation in Murine Type 2 DCs.

Cross-presentation by MHCI is optimally efficient in type 1 dendritic cells (DC) due to their high capacity for antigen processing. However, through specific pathways, other DCs, such as type 2 DCs and inflammatory DCs (iDCs) can also cross-present antigens. FcγR-mediated uptake by type 2 DC and iDC subsets mediates antibody-dependent cross-presentation and activation of CD8 T cell responses.

Activating FcγR function depends on endosomal-signaling platforms.

Cell surface receptor internalization can either terminate signaling or activate alternative endosomal signaling pathways. We investigated here whether endosomal signaling is involved in the function of the human receptors for Fc immunoglobulin fragments (FcRs): FcαRI, FcγRIIA, and FcγRI. All these receptors were internalized after their cross-linking with receptor-specific antibodies, but their intracellular trafficking was different.

M1-aminopeptidase family - beyond antigen-trimming activities.

Antigen (Ag)-trimming aminopeptidases belong to the oxytocinase subfamily of M1 metallopeptidases. In humans, this subfamily contains the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases 1 and 2 (ERAP1 and 2) and the insulin-responsive aminopeptidase (IRAP, synonym oxytocinase), an endosomal enzyme. The ability of these enzymes to trim antigenic precursors and to generate major histocompatibility class-I ligands has been demonstrated extensively for ERAP1, less for ERAP2, which is absent in rodents, and exclusively in the context of cross-presentation for IRAP.

Use of standardized multidimensional evaluation tools and the emergence of the case manager's professional identity in France.

In France, the national public health plan proposes a group of innovations including the initiation of case management for older adults in complex situations, particularly those with cognitive disorders. In this context, public authorities asked case managers to use a standardized multidimensional evaluation tool. The results of a qualitative study on the pertinence of such a tool relative to the emergence of this new professional field are described.

Ethical issues in the introduction of case management for elderly people.

As case management is under development in France for elderly people, this study sets out to identify and analyse key situations responsible for ethical dilemmas for French case managers. We based our study on the analyses of individual interviews made with case managers and focus-group discussions, bringing together all case managers working in local organisations running for at least a year. We identified three situations giving rise to ethical dilemmas: in the order of importance, the refusals of care, the practicalities of collecting and sharing personal data and the allocation of resources.