Immunomodulatory markers and therapies for the management of infant respiratory syncytial virus infection.

Introduction: The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is one of childhood diseases' most common respiratory pathogens and is associated with lower respiratory tract infections. The peak in disease that this virus can elicit during outbreaks is often a significant burden for healthcare systems worldwide. Despite theapproval of treatments against hRSV, this pathogen remains one the most common causative agent of infant mortality around the world.

Co-administration of recombinant BCG and SARS-CoV-2 proteins leads to robust antiviral immunity.

Unlabelled: SARS-CoV-2 is the causative virus of COVID-19, which has been responsible for millions of deaths worldwide since its discovery. After its emergence, several variants have been identified that challenge the efficacy of the available vaccines. Previously, we generated and evaluated a vaccine based on a recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) expressing the nucleoprotein (N) of SARS-CoV-2 (rBCG-N-SARS-CoV-2).

Advancement in the development of mRNA-based vaccines for respiratory viruses.

Acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of death and illness in children under 5 years old and represent a significant burden in older adults. Primarily caused by viruses infecting the lower respiratory tract, symptoms include cough, congestion, and low-grade fever, potentially leading to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based vaccines are biopharmaceutical formulations that employ mRNA molecules to induce specific immune responses, facilitating the expression of viral or bacterial antigens and promoting immunization against infectious diseases.

A molecular perspective for the development of antibodies against the human respiratory syncytial virus.

The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading etiologic agent causing respiratory infections in infants, children, older adults, and patients with comorbidities. Sixty-seven years have passed since the discovery of hRSV, and only a few successful mitigation or treatment tools have been developed against this virus. One of these is immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies against structural proteins of the virus, such as Palivizumab, the first prophylactic approach approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the USA.

LAG-3 Contribution to T Cell Downmodulation during Acute Respiratory Viral Infections.

LAG-3 is a type I transmembrane protein expressed on immune cells, such as activated T cells, and binds to MHC class II with high affinity. LAG-3 is an inhibitory receptor, and its multiple biological activities on T cell activation and effector functions play a regulatory role in the immune response. Immunotherapies directed at immune checkpoints, including LAG-3, have become a promising strategy for controlling malignant tumors and chronic viral diseases.

BCG-Based Vaccines Elicit Antigen-Specific Adaptive and Trained Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and .

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated vaccine mainly administered to newborns and used for over 100 years to prevent the disease caused by (). This vaccine can induce immune response polarization towards a Th1 profile, which is desired for counteracting , other mycobacteria, and unrelated intracellular pathogens. The vaccine BCG has been used as a vector to express recombinant proteins and has been shown to protect against several diseases, particularly respiratory viruses.

BCG vaccination induces cross-protective immunity against pathogenic microorganisms.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strain used as a vaccine to prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection. Its ability to potentiate the immune response induced by other vaccines and to promote nonspecific immunomodulatory effects has been described.