Publications by authors named "Marie-Laure Chaix"
Benefits of HIV-1 transmission cluster surveillance: a French retrospective observational study of the molecular and epidemiological co-evolution of recent circulating recombinant forms 94 and 132.
J Int AIDS Soc
February 2025
Introduction: Molecular surveillance is an important tool for detecting chains of transmission and controlling the HIV epidemic. This can also improve our knowledge of molecular and epidemiological factors for the optimization of prevention. Our objective was to illustrate this by studying the molecular and epidemiological evolution of the cluster including the new circulating recombinant form (CRF) 94_cpx of HIV-1, detected in 2017 and targeted by preventive actions in 2018.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMajor role of dolutegravir in the emergence of the S147G integrase resistance mutation.
J Antimicrob Chemother
March 2025
Background: The S147G mutation is associated with high-level resistance to the integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) elvitegravir. In several poorly documented cases, it was also selected in patients on dolutegravir. Given the widespread use of dolutegravir, further studies of S147G are required.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFArticle Synopsis
- Surveillance of Transmitted Drug Resistance (TDR) is essential for understanding the changes in HIV trends, with a focus on multiple types of antiretroviral drugs and new treatments.
- A study involving 85 individuals diagnosed with primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) from 2020 to 2023 analyzed genetic sequences to identify TDR and its impact on drug resistance, revealing varying levels of resistance to several drug classes.
- The findings highlight the importance of monitoring TDR at the onset of HIV infection to improve treatment strategies and the effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with newer drug options.
Article Synopsis
- * Researchers found low levels of cabotegravir in patients after 1 and 3 months, particularly in those who didn't have an oral lead-in before the injection.
- * Additionally, higher body mass index (BMI) was linked to reduced cabotegravir concentrations, indicating that these factors can affect treatment efficacy.
Article Synopsis
- This study investigates COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) among critically ill patients during the Omicron variant wave, finding it affects 5.1% of patients and 9.1% of those on invasive mechanical ventilation.
- CAPA patients showed higher rates of immunosuppression and required more intensive care measures, like vasopressors and renal therapy, compared to non-CAPA patients.
- While CAPA did not significantly impact day-28 mortality, it was linked to longer mechanical ventilation and ICU stays, suggesting a shift in outcomes with emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Article Synopsis
- Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are now the recommended first-line treatment for HIV in low- and middle-income countries due to rising resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs).
- A study analyzed samples from West Africa and Southeast Asia to assess the prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) to INSTIs, finding a low frequency of 1.1% while overall PDR to any drug class was significantly higher at 17.9%.
- The findings advocate for the use of INSTIs in these regions yet highlight the urgent need to prevent further drug resistance to ensure effective treatment outcomes.
Article Synopsis
- - A case study is presented about a patient who received an allogeneic stem cell transplant and contracted a SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hospital setting.
- - The patient was treated with the neutralizing monoclonal antibody bamlanivimab just two days after the COVID-19 diagnosis.
- - Despite the treatment, the patient developed severe pneumonia and ultimately died, with the emergence of resistance mutations to the antibody.
Clinical phenotypes and outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants BA.2, BA.5 and BQ.1.1 in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a prospective, multicenter cohort study.
Intensive Care Med Exp
August 2023
Article Synopsis
- A study was conducted on 158 adult patients with acute respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the impact of various Omicron sublineages, including BA.2, BA.4/BA.5, and BQ.1.1.
- Patients infected with the recent BQ.1.1 variant displayed a higher rate of obesity and a lower rate of immunosuppression compared to those with earlier sublineages.
- Despite these differences in patient characteristics, there was no significant variation in disease severity at ICU admission, organ support needs, or 28-day mortality across the different sublineage groups.
Article Synopsis
- The study focused on the prevalence and incidence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in a trial for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
- Out of 416 MSM participants, 14.9% tested positive for HEV at the start, with only older age being a significant factor linked to positivity.
- The overall incidence rate for new HEV infections over an average follow-up of 2.1 years was low at 1.19% per 100 person-years, suggesting that sexual transmission is not a major concern for HEV in this group, unlike hepatitis A virus (HAV).
Article Synopsis
- Vaccination against hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis B (HBV) is strongly recommended for men who have sex with men (MSM), with a study evaluating vaccine uptake during the ANRS IPERGAY pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trial.
- Out of 427 MSM participants analyzed, a significant number were non-immune to HAV (50.4%), with high vaccination uptake: 96.1% received at least one dose of HAV vaccine, and 97.6% of HBV non-immune participants received at least one HBV vaccine dose.
- Overall, complete vaccination resulted in a high rate of immunity, showing that PrEP visits are crucial for offering vaccination to at-risk MSM who are
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Swabs According to Viral Variants.
Microbiol Spectr
December 2022
Article Synopsis
- The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has over 50 mutations that may increase transmission and evade immune responses from vaccines or prior infections.
- A study compared viral loads in saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) during the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron waves, finding lower Ct values in NPS, but higher viral loads in saliva for Omicron.
- The results suggest that current diagnostic methods may need updates to better detect new variants like Omicron, highlighting the need for refined screening strategies.*
Article Synopsis
- * A study of 259 patients revealed distinct clinical profiles between those infected with Omicron and those with Delta, but no significant impact of variant sublineages on 28-day mortality rates.
- * Immunocompromised patients infected with Omicron experienced higher mortality rates compared to non-immunocompromised individuals, despite many having received at least two vaccine doses and showing poor immune responses.
VIROLOGICAL ASPECTS, DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS AND VARIANTS OF SARS-COV-2 SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped non-segmented linear single-stranded positive RNA virus. The envelope carries the protein spike (S) which recognizes the ACE2 receptor on the target cell and allows entry of the virus. The numerous mutations on the S protein are at the origin of a great genetic diversity, involved in the species barrier and the escape from neutralizing antibodies.
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- The study focused on the SARS-CoV-2 variant α, which became a concern in 2021, examining its genetic diversity and connection to severe COVID-19 outcomes.
- Conducted in 11 ICUs in Greater Paris, it analyzed 413 patients and found that variant α was prevalent but did not lead to higher mortality compared to pre-existing variants or other variants.
- Despite differences in age and underlying health conditions among patients with different variants, the research concluded that there was no significant link between specific viral mutations and day-28 mortality rates.
Interpretation of single target positivity among SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR result tests.
J Clin Virol Plus
June 2021
Article Synopsis
- The study investigates the interpretation of one target positive (OPT) RT-PCR results for COVID-19 using two different diagnostic tests: Cepheid and Roche.
- Out of 293 samples classified as OPT, 68% met criteria for "probable COVID-19," indicating those patients are likely at a late stage of infection.
- The findings suggest that combining serology and imaging tests can be beneficial for confirming COVID-19 diagnoses in patients with OPT results.
Article Synopsis
- Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals may enhance motivation and compliance, reducing the risk of drug resistance.
- In the Temprano trial, participants were split into immediate and deferred ART groups, with findings showing that those who deferred had higher rates of virological failure and lower CD4 counts at baseline.
- Results indicated that starting ART early leads to better virological outcomes and less drug resistance over 30 months, highlighting its significance, especially in regions with limited monitoring resources.
Article Synopsis
- The study compared how quickly and effectively men starting a dolutegravir-based HIV treatment reached undetectable levels of the virus in seminal plasma versus blood plasma.
- At the beginning, viral loads were higher in blood plasma compared to seminal plasma.
- By week 48, a higher percentage of participants achieved undetectable viral load in seminal plasma (93%) compared to blood plasma (84%), with quicker undetectable levels in seminal plasma (8 weeks) than in blood plasma (24 weeks).
Factors associated with the emergence of integrase resistance mutations in patients failing dual or triple integrase inhibitor-based regimens in a French national survey.
J Antimicrob Chemother
August 2021
Background: Successful 2-drug regimens (2DRs) for HIV were made possible by the availability of drugs combining potency and tolerability with a high genetic barrier to resistance. How these deal with resistance development/re-emergence, compared with 3DRs, is thus of paramount importance.
Materials And Methods: A national survey including patients who were either naive or experienced with any 2DR or 3DR but failing integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-containing regimens [two consecutive plasma viral load (VL) values >50 copies/mL] was conducted between 2014 and 2019.
Article Synopsis
- HIV-related inflammation is linked to negative health outcomes and was studied in participants from a PrEP trial who later became HIV-positive.* -
- Inflammation levels were highest during the initial infection period but normalized within 6 to 12 months.* -
- Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy could reduce the duration of harmful inflammation linked to HIV.*
Performance of 30 commercial SARS-CoV-2 serology assays in testing symptomatic COVID-19 patients.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis
October 2021
We report evaluation of 30 assays' (17 rapid tests (RDTs) and 13 automated/manual ELISA/CLIA assay (IAs)) clinical performances with 2594 sera collected from symptomatic patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR on a respiratory sample, and 1996 pre-epidemic serum samples expected to be negative. Only 4 RDT and 3 IAs fitted both specificity (> 98%) and sensitivity (> 90%) criteria according to French recommendations. Serology may offer valuable information during COVID-19 pandemic, but inconsistent performances observed among the 30 commercial assays evaluated, which underlines the importance of independent evaluation before clinical implementation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDeep sequencing analysis of M184V/I mutation at the switch and at the time of virological failure of boosted protease inhibitor plus lamivudine or boosted protease inhibitor maintenance strategy (substudy of the ANRS-MOBIDIP trial).
J Antimicrob Chemother
April 2021
Article Synopsis
- The ANRS12286/MOBIDIP trial found that a dual therapy using a boosted protease inhibitor (bPI) and lamivudine was more effective than bPI alone for patients with the M184V mutation.
- Researchers analyzed M184V/I variants before treatment switches and during virological failure (VF) using ultra-deep sequencing on samples from 265 patients.
- The study revealed that while a significant number of participants had M184V mutations, the effectiveness of the lamivudine-based dual therapy remained strong, indicating that the drug's residual activity largely contributed to treatment success despite the presence of these mutations.
Objectives: As sex between men is a major route of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in most western countries, restrictive deferral rules for blood donation have largely been implemented regarding men having sex with men (MSM). Here, we sought here to assign unreported HIV risk factors in blood donors (BDs) and reevaluated the MSM-associated fraction of HIV transfusion residual risk (%RR ).
Methods: We applied a genetic distance-based approach to infer an HIV transmission network for 384 HIV sequences from French BDs and 1337 HIV sequences from individuals with known risk factors (ANRS PRIMO primary HIV infection cohort).