Correction: Biochemical-molecular-genetic biomarkers in the tear film, aqueous humor, and blood of primary open-angle glaucoma patients.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.

Retinal Thinning in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Structural Changes Detected by Spectral-Domain OCT.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. As the retina is an extension of the central nervous system, retinal imaging may provide insights into the ADHD pathophysiology. The objective of this work was to evaluate structural retinal alterations using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in ADHD patients compared to neurotypical controls.

Exploring Molecular Signatures Associated with Inflammation and Angiogenesis in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health concern that significantly increases the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. This study aimed to identify molecular markers of inflammation (INF) and angiogenesis (ANG) in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). We conducted an observational, multicenter, case-control study including 116 participants classified into T2DM with NPDR, T2DM without DR, and non-diabetic controls (SCG) undergoing cataract surgery.

Molecular-Genetic Biomarkers of Diabetic Macular Edema.

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness among diabetic patients, requiring effective diagnostic and monitoring strategies. This systematic review aims to synthesize current knowledge on molecular biomarkers associated with DME, focusing on their potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and disease management. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, covering literature from 2004 to 2023.

Evaluation of the Diagnostic Capability of Spectralis SD-OCT 8 × 8 Posterior Pole Software with the Grid Tilted at 7 Degrees and Horizontalized in Glaucoma.

: The goal was to evaluate the diagnostic capability of different parameters obtained with the posterior pole (PP) software in Spectralis SD-OCT with the 8 × 8 grid tilted at 7° and horizontalized in glaucomatous eyes. : A total of 299 eyes were included, comprising 136 healthy eyes and 163 with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The following segmentations were evaluated: complete retina, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), GCL and inner plexiform layer (GCLIPL), ganglion cell complex (GCC), outer plexiform layer and outer nuclear layer (OPLONL), inner retinal layer (IRL), and outer retinal layer (ORL).

Oxidative Stress Mediates Epigenetic Modifications and the Expression of miRNAs and Genes Related to Apoptosis in Diabetic Retinopathy Patients.

Knowledge on the underlying mechanisms and molecular targets for managing the ocular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains incomplete. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of irreversible visual disability worldwide. By using ophthalmological and molecular-genetic approaches, we gathered specific information to build a data network for deciphering the crosslink of oxidative stress (OS) and apoptosis (AP) processes, as well as to identify potential epigenetic modifications related to noncoding RNAs in the eyes of patients with T2DM.

Agreement between Five Experts and the Laguna ONhE Automatic Colourimetric Application Interpreting the Glaucomatous Aspect of the Optic Nerve.

Background: Optic nerve head (ONH) interpretation is a glaucoma screening method which may be influenced by criteria variability. Laguna ONhE software is a low-cost and non-invasive method of ONH analysis.

Methods: We analysed the results of the Laguna ONhE application, interpreting 552 ONH images from the ACRIMA database, publicly available on the Internet, and compared them with the opinion of five experts.

Biochemical-molecular-genetic biomarkers in the tear film, aqueous humor, and blood of primary open-angle glaucoma patients.

Introduction: Glaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, which is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. As a response to high intraocular pressure, the clinical and molecular glaucoma biomarkers indicate the biological state of the visual system. Classical and uncovering novel biomarkers of glaucoma development and progression, follow-up, and monitoring the response to treatment are key objectives to improve vision outcomes.

Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory, Angiogenic, and Apoptotic molecules in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema Patients.

The aim of this study is to evaluate molecules involved in oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, and discern which of these are more likely to be implicated in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) by investigating the correlation between them in the plasma (PLS) and vitreous body (VIT), as well as examining data obtained from ophthalmological examinations. Type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients with PDR/DME (PDRG/DMEG; n = 112) and non-DM subjects as the surrogate controls (SCG n = 48) were selected according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria and programming for vitrectomy, either due to having PDR/DME or macular hole (MH)/epiretinal membrane (ERM)/rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Blood samples were collected and processed to determine the glycemic profile, total cholesterol, and C reactive protein, as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels and total antioxidant capacity (TAC).

Macular Anatomy Differs in Dyslexic Subjects.

The macula, as the central part of the retina, plays an important role in the reading process. However, its morphology has not been previously studied in the context of dyslexia. In this research, we compared the thickness of the fovea, parafovea and perifovea between dyslexic subjects and normal controls, in 11 retinal segmentations obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Combined use of coenzyme Q10 and citicoline: A new possibility for patients with glaucoma.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Several risk factors have been involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. By now, the main treatable risk factor is elevated intraocular pressure.

Impact of Systemic Comorbidities on Ocular Hypertension and Open-Angle Glaucoma, in a Population from Spain and Portugal.

Open-angle glaucoma (OAG), the most prevalent clinical type of glaucoma, is still the main cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. OAG is a neurodegenerative illness for which the most important risk factor is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Many questions remain unanswered about OAG, such as whether nutritional or toxic habits, other personal characteristics, and/or systemic diseases influence the course of glaucoma.

Sodium Hyaluronate-Induced Ocular Hypertension in Rats Damages the Direction-Selective Circuit and Inner/Outer Retinal Plexiform Layers.

Purpose: To assess the changes in retinal morphology in a rat model of chronic glaucoma induced by ocular hypertension.

Methods: Intraocular pressure (IOP) was surgically increased through weekly injections of sodium hyaluronate (HYA) in the anterior eye chamber of the left eye of male Wistar rats, whereas the right eyes were sham operated (salt solution). During the 10-week experimental period, IOP was measured weekly with a rebound tonometer.

Understanding Neurodegeneration from a Clinical and Therapeutic Perspective in Early Diabetic Retinopathy.

Recent evidence indicates that neurodegeneration is a critical element of diabetic retinopathy (DR) pathogenesis. The neuronal cells' apoptosis contributes to microvascular impairment and blood-retinal barrier breakdown. Therefore, neurodegeneration represents an early intervention target to slow and prevent the development of microvascular alterations visible on clinical examination.

Detection of occludable angle with anterior segment optical coherence tomography and Pentacam as non-contact screening methods.

Purpose: To evaluate diagnostic capacity for occludable anterior chamber angle detection with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and Pentacam.

Methods: Observational cross-sectional study with AS-OCT and Pentacam. AS-OCT measures: angle opening distance from Schwalbe line (SL) perpendicular (AOD-SL-Perp) and vertical to iris (AOD-SL-Vert), and iridotrabecular angle (ITA).

Updates in Clinical and Translational Glaucoma Research.

Glaucoma is a sight-threatening disease and the primum mobile of irreversible blindness worldwide [...

Macular Structure-Function Relationships of All Retinal Layers in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Assessed by Microperimetry and 8 × 8 Posterior Pole Analysis of OCT.

Purpose The aim of this study is too correlate the sensitivity and thickness values of intraretinal layers at macula in healthy eyes and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) eyes. Methods The thickness of different intraretinal segmentations was estimated by means of optical coherence tomography (OCT) Spectralis (Heidelberg, Engineering, Inc., Heidelberg, Germany) with the posterior pole analysis program 8 × 8 in 91 eyes from 91 patients (60 with glaucoma and 31 healthy patients).

Is Saffron Able to Prevent the Dysregulation of Retinal Cytokines Induced by Ocular Hypertension in Mice?

Cytokine- and chemokine-mediated signalling is involved in the neuroinflammatory process that leads to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage in glaucoma. Substances with anti-inflammatory properties could decrease these cytokines and chemokines and thus prevent RGC death. The authors of this study analysed the anti-inflammatory effect of a hydrophilic saffron extract standardized to 3% crocin content, focusing on the regulation of cytokine and chemokine production, in a mouse model of unilateral laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT).

Corneal Biomechanical Parameters and Central Corneal Thickness in Glaucoma Patients, Glaucoma Suspects, and a Healthy Population.

Purpose: To evaluate and compare corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), and central corneal thickness (CCT), measurements were taken between a healthy population (controls), patients diagnosed with glaucoma (DG), and glaucoma suspect patients due to ocular hypertension (OHT), family history of glaucoma (FHG), or glaucoma-like optic discs (GLD). Additionally, Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg) and corneal-compensated IOP (IOPcc) were compared between the different groups of patients.

Methods: In this prospective analytical-observational study, a total of 1065 patients (one eye of each) were recruited to undergo Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) testing, ultrasound pachymetry, and clinical examination.

Searching for the Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Neuroprotective Potential of Natural Food and Nutritional Supplements for Ocular Health in the Mediterranean Population.

Adherence to a healthy diet offers a valuable intervention to compete against the increasing cases of ocular diseases worldwide, such as dry eye disorders, myopia progression, cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, or age macular degeneration. Certain amounts of micronutrients must be daily provided for proper functioning of the visual system, such as vitamins, carotenoids, trace metals and omega-3 fatty acids. Among natural foods, the following have to be considered for boosting eye/vision health: fish, meat, eggs, nuts, legumes, citrus fruits, nuts, leafy green vegetables, orange-colored fruits/vegetables, olives-olive oil, and dairy products.

miRNAs and Genes Involved in the Interplay between Ocular Hypertension and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis Networks.

Glaucoma has no cure and is a sight-threatening neurodegenerative disease affecting more than 100 million people worldwide, with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) being the most globally prevalent glaucoma clinical type. Regulation of gene expression and gene networks, and its multifactorial pathways involved in glaucoma disease are landmarks for ophthalmic research. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are small endogenous non-coding, single-stranded RNA molecules (18-22 nucleotides) that regulate gene expression.

Evaluation of Intraocular Pressure and Other Biomechanical Parameters to Distinguish between Subclinical Keratoconus and Healthy Corneas.

(1) Purpose: To assess the main corneal response differences between normal and subclinical keratoconus (SCKC) with a Corvis ST device. (2) Material and Methods: We selected 183 eyes of normal patients, of a mean age of 33 ± 9 years and 16 eyes of patients with SCKC of a similar mean age. We measured best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and corneal topography with a Pentacam HD device to select the SCKC group.

Signature of Circulating Biomarkers in Recurrent Non-Infectious Anterior Uveitis. Immunomodulatory Effects of DHA-Triglyceride. A Pilot Study.

The purpose of this study was to identify circulating biomarkers of recurrent non-infectious anterior uveitis (NIAU), and to address the anti-inflammatory effects of triglyceride containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA-TG). A prospective multicenter study was conducted in 72 participants distributed into: patients diagnosed with recurrent NIAU in the quiescence stage (uveitis group (UG); = 36) and healthy controls (control group (CG); = 36). Each group was randomly assigned to the oral supplementation of one pill/day (+) containing DHA-TG ( = 18) or no-pill condition (-) ( = 17) for three consecutive months.