Outer membrane tube formation by involves extensive envelope modifications and is linked with type VI secretion and alterations to the host phagosomal membrane.

Unlabelled: is a gram-negative, intracellular pathogen that causes the zoonotic disease tularemia. Due to its ease of dissemination and high lethality, is classified as a tier 1 select agent with potential for misuse as a bioweapon. The mechanisms by which replicates intracellularly and interacts with the host during infection are not well understood.

Towards Machine Recognition of Facial Expressions of Pain in Horses.

Automated recognition of human facial expressions of pain and emotions is to a certain degree a solved problem, using approaches based on computer vision and machine learning. However, the application of such methods to horses has proven difficult. Major barriers are the lack of sufficiently large, annotated databases for horses and difficulties in obtaining correct classifications of pain because horses are non-verbal.

Effect of transportation and social isolation on facial expressions of healthy horses.

Horses have the ability to generate a remarkable repertoire of facial expressions, some of which have been linked to the affective component of pain. This study describes the facial expressions in healthy horses free of pain before and during transportation and social isolation, which are putatively stressful but ordinary management procedures. Transportation was performed in 28 horses by subjecting them to short-term road transport in a horse trailer.

Equine Facial Action Coding System for determination of pain-related facial responses in videos of horses.

During the last decade, a number of pain assessment tools based on facial expressions have been developed for horses. While all tools focus on moveable facial muscles related to the ears, eyes, nostrils, lips, and chin, results are difficult to compare due to differences in the research conditions, descriptions and methodologies. We used a Facial Action Coding System (FACS) modified for horses (EquiFACS) to code and analyse video recordings of acute short-term experimental pain (n = 6) and clinical cases expected to be in pain or without pain (n = 21).

Characterization of Pyrin Dephosphorylation and Inflammasome Activation in Macrophages as Triggered by the Effectors YopE and YopT.

Pathogenic species deliver Yop effector proteins through a type III secretion system into host cells. Among these effectors, YopE and YopT are Rho-modifying toxins, which function to modulate host cell physiology and evade immune responses. YopE is a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) while YopT is a protease, and they inhibit RhoA by different modes of action.