Strontium-incorporated hydroxyapatite nanocomposites promoting bone formation and angiogenesis by modulating M2 macrophage polarization in the bone microenvironment.

The treatment of osteoporosis is urgently needed in the clinic. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has a bone-inducing ability on osteogenic differentiation. Especially, the presence of strontium component in HAP nanoparticles may improve the positive effect on bone regeneration and avoid undesirable bone resorption.