Alternative sites for intraoperative monitoring of cranial nerves X and XII during intracranial surgeries.

During intracranial surgeries, cranial nerve (CN) X is most commonly monitored with electromyographic endotracheal tubes. Electrodes on these endotracheal tubes may be displaced from the vocal folds during positioning, and there is a learning curve for their correct placement. Cranial nerve XII is most commonly monitored with electrodes in the dorsum of the tongue, which are also prone to displacement because of their proximity to the endotracheal tube.

Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation by topical N-undecyl-10-enoyl-L-phenylalanine and its combination with niacinamide.

Objectives: N-undecyl-10-enoyl-L-phenylalanine (Sepiwhite), N-undecylenoyl phenylalanine), a reported alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) receptor antagonist, has been observed to reduce melanin production in cultured melanocytes. In other testing, niacinamide has been found to inhibit melanosome transfer in cultured cells and to reduce the appearance of hyperpigmented spots in clinical studies. Since these two agents function by different mechanisms, we conducted two studies to determine if their combination is more effective than niacinamide alone in reducing facial hyperpigmentation.

Web GIS in practice VII: stereoscopic 3-D solutions for online maps and virtual globes.

Because our pupils are about 6.5 cm apart, each eye views a scene from a different angle and sends a unique image to the visual cortex, which then merges the images from both eyes into a single picture. The slight difference between the right and left images allows the brain to properly perceive the 'third dimension' or depth in a scene (stereopsis).

Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation by topical N-acetyl glucosamine.

Glucosamine has been reported to inhibit melanin production in melanocyte culture. It thus has a potential to reduce hyperpigmentation via topical use. Due to stability limitations of glucosamine, we chose to clinically evaluate the stable derivative N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG).