Anti-IgE therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by type 2 (T2) immune responses with significant impacts on quality of life and health care costs. Local IgE production in nasal polyp tissue plays a key role in the T2 inflammatory cascade. Omalizumab, an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, is an effective treatment for some patients with CRSwNP regardless of the patient's allergic status.

Advancing toward a unified eosinophil signature from transcriptional profiling.

Eosinophils are granulocytes that can accumulate in increased numbers in tissues and/or peripheral blood in disease. Phenotyping of eosinophils in health and disease has the potential to improve the precision of diagnosis and choice of therapies for eosinophilic-associated diseases. Transcriptional profiling of eosinophils has been plagued by cell fragility and difficulty isolating high-quality RNA.

COVID-19 vaccine-related presumed allergic reactions and second dose administration by using a two-step graded protocol.

Acute allergic reactions to messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are rare but may limit public health immunization efforts. To characterize suspected allergic reactions to the first dose of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine and to assess the safety and utility of a two-step graded-dose protocol for the second dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in patients with a history of low suspicion of anaphylaxis to their first dose. This was a retrospective evaluation of referrals to the allergy and immunology clinic for a presumed allergic reaction to the first dose of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna) between December 17, 2020, and February 28, 2021.

Quality of life is lower in adults labeled with childhood-onset food allergy than in those with adult-onset food allergy.

Background: Immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy (FA) affects children and adults with variable age of onset. Phenotype and quality of life (QoL) differences between childhood-onset FA (COFA) and adult-onset FA (AOFA) are not known.

Objective: To identify phenotypic and QoL differences between AOFA and COFA.

Prevalence and characterization of asthma in hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Background: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises that patients with moderate to severe asthma belong to a high-risk group that is susceptible to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the association between asthma and COVID-19 has not been well-established.

Objective: The primary objective was to determine the prevalence of asthma among patients with COVID-19 in a major US health system.

Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition effectively protects against human IgE-mediated anaphylaxis.

No known therapies can prevent anaphylaxis. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an enzyme thought to be essential for high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) signaling in human cells. We tested the hypothesis that FDA-approved BTK inhibitors (BTKis) would prevent IgE-mediated responses including anaphylaxis.

Allergic inflammation is initiated by IL-33-dependent crosstalk between mast cells and basophils.

IgE-primed mast cells in peripheral tissues, including the skin, lung, and intestine, are key initiators of allergen-triggered edema and inflammation. Particularly in severe forms of allergy, this inflammation becomes strongly neutrophil dominated, and yet how mast cells coordinate this type of response is unknown. We and others have reported that activated mast cells--a hematopoietic cell type--can produce IL-33, a cytokine known to participate in allergic responses but generally considered as being of epithelial origin and driving Type 2 immune responses (e.

Mast Cell-Specific Expression of Human Siglec-8 in Conditional Knock-in Mice.

Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 8 (Siglec-8) is expressed on the surface of human eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils-cells that participate in allergic and other diseases. Ligation of Siglec-8 by specific glycan ligands or antibodies triggers eosinophil death and inhibits mast cell degranulation; consequences that could be leveraged as treatment. However, Siglec-8 is not expressed in murine and most other species, thus limiting preclinical studies in vivo.

Transcriptional Heterogeneity of Mast Cells and Basophils upon Activation.

Mast cells and basophils are developmentally related cells whose activation is a hallmark of allergy. Functionally, mast cells and basophils overlap in their ability to produce several mediators, including histamine and granule proteases, but studies have increasingly demonstrated nonredundant roles. To characterize the transcriptional heterogeneity of mast cells and basophils upon their activation, we performed large-scale comparative microarrays of murine bone marrow-derived mast cells and bone marrow-derived basophils (BMBs) at rest, upon an adaptive-type activation (IgE cross-linking), or upon an innate-type activation (IL-33 stimulation).

IL-33 Precedes IL-5 in Regulating Eosinophil Commitment and Is Required for Eosinophil Homeostasis.

Eosinophils are important in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis, and eczema. Whereas IL-5 is crucial for supporting mature eosinophils (EoMs), the signals that support earlier eosinophil lineage events are less defined. The IL-33R, ST2, is expressed on several inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, and is best characterized for its role during the initiation of allergic responses in peripheral tissues.

New developments in immunotherapies for food allergy.

Food allergy affects around 10% of the population. As the prevalence of food allergy continues to increase, disproportionately in children, new therapies for food allergy are being investigated. While there are no approved treatments for food allergy, immunotherapy facilitates significant desensitization and protection from accidental exposure.