Heterogeneity in managing rib fractures across non-trauma and level I, II, and III trauma centers.

Background: We aimed to elucidate management patterns and outcomes of high-risk patients with rib fractures (elderly or flail chest) across non-trauma and trauma centers. We hypothesized highest-capacity (level I) centers would have best outcomes for high-risk patients.

Methods: We queried the 2016 National Emergency Department Sample to identify adults presenting with rib fractures.

The Role of Association in Pre-schoolers' Solutions to "Spoon Tests" of Future Planning.

Imagining the future is a powerful tool for making plans and solving problems. It is thought to rely on the episodic system which also underpins remembering a specific past event [1-3]. However, the emergence of episodic future thinking over development and evolution is debated [4-9].

Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing in Glioma.

Purpose Of Review: In this review, we seek to summarize the literature concerning the use of single-cell RNA-sequencing for CNS gliomas.

Recent Findings: Single-cell analysis has revealed complex tumor heterogeneity, subpopulations of proliferating stem-like cells and expanded our view of tumor microenvironment influence in the disease process. Although bulk RNA-sequencing has guided our initial understanding of glioma genetics, this method does not accurately define the heterogeneous subpopulations found within these tumors.

Future Thinking: Children But Not Apes Consider Multiple Possibilities.

When anticipating the future, we draw on our past experience but must take uncertainty into account; for example, while preparing for a trip, we might pack a raincoat and sunglasses because of unpredictable weather. New research shows that the ability to plan for multiple future possibilities may be present in human children from as early as 3-4 years of age, but appears to be lacking in non-human apes.