A novel image segmentation method based on spatial autocorrelation identifies A-type potassium channel clusters in the thalamus.

Unsupervised segmentation in biological and non-biological images is only partially resolved. Segmentation either requires arbitrary thresholds or large teaching datasets. Here, we propose a spatial autocorrelation method based on Local Moran's coefficient to differentiate signal, background, and noise in any type of image.

Phenotypic and genetic spectrum of ATP6V1A encephalopathy: a disorder of lysosomal homeostasis.

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multimeric complex present in a variety of cellular membranes that acts as an ATP-dependent proton pump and plays a key role in pH homeostasis and intracellular signalling pathways. In humans, 22 autosomal genes encode for a redundant set of subunits allowing the composition of diverse V-ATPase complexes with specific properties and expression. Sixteen subunits have been linked to human disease.

Improved spike inference accuracy by estimating the peak amplitude of unitary [Ca ] transients in weakly GCaMP6f-expressing hippocampal pyramidal cells.

Key Points: The amplitude of unitary, single action potential-evoked [Ca ] transients negatively correlates with GCaMP6f expression, but displays large variability among hippocampal pyramidal cells with similarly low expression levels. The summation of fluorescence signals is frequency-dependent, supralinear and also shows remarkable cell-to-cell variability. The main source of spike inference error is variability in the peak amplitude, and not in the decay or supralinearity.

Similar GABAA receptor subunit composition in somatic and axon initial segment synapses of hippocampal pyramidal cells.

Hippocampal pyramidal cells (PCs) express many GABAAR subunit types and receive GABAergic inputs from distinct interneurons. Previous experiments revealed input-specific differences in α1 and α2 subunit densities in perisomatic synapses, suggesting distinct IPSC decay kinetics. However, IPSC decays evoked by axo-axonic, parvalbumin- or cholecystokinin-expressing basket cells were found to be similar.

Synaptic GABAA receptor clustering without the γ2 subunit.

Rapid activation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) is crucial in many neuronal functions, including the synchronization of neuronal ensembles and controlling the precise timing of action potentials. Although the γ2 subunit is believed to be essential for the postsynaptic clustering of GABAARs, synaptic currents have been detected in neurons obtained from γ2(-/-) mice. To determine the role of the γ2 subunit in synaptic GABAAR enrichment, we performed a spatially and temporally controlled γ2 subunit deletion by injecting Cre-expressing viral vectors into the neocortex of GABAARγ2(77I)lox mice.

Distinct axo-somato-dendritic distributions of three potassium channels in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells.

Potassium channels comprise the most diverse family of ion channels and play critical roles in a large variety of physiological and pathological processes. In addition to their molecular diversity, variations in their distributions and densities on the axo-somato-dendritic surface of neurons are key parameters in determining their functional impact. Despite extensive electrophysiological and anatomical investigations, the exact location and densities of most K(+) channels in small subcellular compartments are still unknown.