ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Dementia: 2024 Update.

Dementia is defined by significant chronic or acquired impairment in a single domain or loss of two or more cognitive functions by brain disease or injury. It is a common chronic syndrome in adults and constitutes the fifth leading cause of death in patients >65 years of age. Multiple etiologies of dementia exist, most notably Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies, as well as other neurologic diseases such as vascular dementia and normal pressure hydrocephalus.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Brain Tumors.

Brain tumors represent a complex and clinically diverse disease group, whose management is particularly dependent on neuroimaging given the wide range of differential diagnostic considerations and clinical scenarios. The introduction of advanced brain imaging tools into clinical practice makes it paramount for all treating physicians to recognize the range and understand the appropriate application of various conventional and advanced imaging modalities. The imaging recommendations for neuro-oncologic clinical scenarios involving screening in patients with increased genetic risk, screening in patients with systemic malignancy, pretreatment evaluation in patients with intra- and extraaxial brain tumors, posttreatment-surveillance in patients with known brain tumors after completion of therapy, and subsequent workup in the context of suspected radiographic progression are encompassed by this document.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Altered Mental Status, Coma, Delirium, and Psychosis: 2024 Update.

Altered mental status (AMS) and coma are terms used to describe disorders of arousal and content of consciousness. AMS may account for up to 4% to 10% of chief complaints in the emergency department setting and is a common accompanying symptom for other presentations. AMS is not a diagnosis, but rather a term for symptoms of acute or chronic disordered mentation, including confusion, disorientation, lethargy, drowsiness, somnolence, unresponsiveness, agitation, altered behavior, inattention, hallucinations, delusions, and psychosis.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Cerebrovascular Diseases-Stroke and Stroke-Related Conditions.

Cerebrovascular disease encompasses a vast array of conditions. The imaging recommendations for stroke-related conditions involving noninflammatory steno-occlusive arterial and venous cerebrovascular disease including carotid stenosis, carotid dissection, intracranial large vessel occlusion, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis are encompassed by this document. Additional imaging recommendations regarding complications of these conditions including intraparenchymal hemorrhage and completed ischemic strokes are also discussed.

Respiratory Epithelial Adenomatoid Hamartoma.

Background: Respiratory Epithelial Adenomatoid Hamartoma (REAH) is an uncommon, benign tumor of the sinonasal tract. It can, however, be confused with a sinonasal malignancy causing undo morbidity to patients. Therefore, the clinical as well as histological diagnosis is crucial in order to correctly care for patients.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Prognostic Findings for Visual and Mortality Outcomes in Acute Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis.

Purpose: To identify initial, preintervention magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings that are predictive of visual and mortality outcomes in acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Participants: Patients with histopathologically or microbiologically confirmed AIFRS cared for at a single, tertiary academic institution between January 2000 and February 2020.

Cerebrospinal fluid-lymphatic fistula causing spontaneous intracranial hypotension in a child with kaposiform lymphangiomatosis.

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an uncommon etiology of secondary headaches in children. We report a unique case of a girl with kaposiform lymphangiomatosis who developed postural headaches and imaging features of spontaneous intracranial hypotension without a spinal extradural collection. The girl underwent dynamic computed tomography myelography which revealed a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-lymphatic fistula related to a lymphatic malformation associated with the right T10 nerve.

Imaging of Head and Neck Cancer With CT, MRI, and US.

Imaging of head and neck (HN) cancer is a challenge for many radiologists and largely due to the challenging anatomy in a small volume of the body. Additionally, multiple pathologies and the absence of an agreed-upon standard imaging protocol for staging and surveillance add complexity in choosing the most appropriate imaging study. Computed tomography (CT) is often the first-line imaging tool used as it is readily available, relatively cheaper than magnetic resonance (MR) and is rapidly acquired.

Imaging of the Pediatric Urinary System.

Recent advances in pediatric urinary tract imaging include development of alternative imaging methods without use of ionizing radiation; evolving understanding of the relationship of urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux, and renal scarring, including the important role of dysfunctional voiding; development of a consensus nomenclature and risk-based classification for fetal and antenatal urinary tract dilation; advances in the understanding of sporadic and inherited renal cystic disease; and a proposed modification of the Bosniak criteria for distinguishing complex renal cysts from cystic renal tumors in children.

Radiologic-pathologic correlation of pediatric and adolescent spinal neoplasms: Part 2, Intradural extramedullary spinal neoplasms.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the neuroimaging findings of intradural extramedullary spinal tumors in the pediatric and adolescent population. The differential diagnosis for lesions in this location is limited and can be further narrowed with knowledge of specific imaging characteristics.

Conclusion: This article reviews the radiologic and pathologic findings of pediatric and adolescent intradural extramedullary neoplasms.

Radiologic-pathologic correlation of pediatric and adolescent spinal neoplasms: Part 1, Intramedullary spinal neoplasms.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the neuroimaging findings of pediatric and adolescent intramedullary spinal tumors in children. The differential diagnosis for lesions in this location is limited and can be further narrowed with knowledge of specific imaging characteristics.

Conclusion: This article reviews the radiologic findings and differential diagnosis for intramedullary neoplasms.

Fusion of aortic valve commissures in patients supported by a continuous axial flow left ventricular assist device.

Background: Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are an important therapy for selected individuals with advanced heart failure unable to wait for a suitable donor for transplantation. Pulsatile LVADs are associated with commissural fusion of the aortic valve, yet little is known about this association with newer generation continuous axial flow LVADs.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed pathologic samples from 9 patients enrolled in the HeartMate II Bridge to Transplantation Trial.

Prognostic value of left ventricular apical tissue removed for HeartMate II left ventricular assist device placement.

Background: With the increasing use of left ventricular assist devices, the left ventricular apical core has become a more frequently encountered surgical pathology tissue. We investigated the prognostic value of this cardiac tissue in short-term patient mortality. Previous studies have shown that the degree of cardiac fibrosis correlates with improvements in ejection fraction and the likelihood of weaning from an assist device.