Recovery, completion and further referral after Improving Access to Psychological Therapies in Norfolk and Waveney.

Background: Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT), an NHS England service providing talking therapies, is meeting its target recovery rate of 50%. However, engagement in treatment, as well as recovery rates, may be lower for some groups.

Aims: To assess variation in treatment completion and recovery rates by demographic and socioeconomic group and to describe rates of further referrals for patients to IAPT and secondary mental health services.

Did COVID-19 surveillance system sensitivity change after Omicron? a retrospective observational study in England.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic in England, increases and falls in COVID-19 cases were monitored using many surveillance systems (SS). However, surveillance sensitivity may have changed as different variants were introduced to the population, due to greater disease-resistance after comprehensive vaccination programmes and widespread natural infection or for other reasons.

Methods: Time series data from ten epidemic trackers in England that were available Sept 2021-June 2022 were compared to each other using Spearman correlation statistics.

Service evaluation of 'GP at Door' of accident and emergency services in Eastern England.

Aim: We describe activity, outcomes, and benefits after streaming low urgency attenders to eneral practice services at oor of ccident and mergency departments (GDAE).

Background: Many attendances to A&Es are for non-urgent health problems that could be better met by primary care rather than urgent care clinicians. It is valuable to monitor service activity, outcomes, service user demographics, and potential benefits when primary care is co-located with A&E departments.

Emergency infection prevention and control training in fragile, conflict-affected or vulnerable settings: a scoping review.

Background: It is uncertain what could be the best training methods for infection prevention and control when an infectious disease threat is active or imminent in especially vulnerable or resource-scarce settings.

Methods: A scoping review was undertaken to find and summarise relevant information about training modalities, replicability and effectiveness of IPC training programmes for clinical staff as reported in multiple study designs. Eligible settings were conflict-affected or in countries classified as low-income or lower-middle income (World Bank 2022 classifications).

Changing risk factors for developing SARS-CoV-2 infection from Delta to Omicron.

Background: One of the few studies to estimate infection risk with SARS-CoV-2 in the general population was the UK Office of National Statistics Infection Survey. This survey provided data that allowed us to describe and interpret apparent risk factors for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 in a period when variants and COVID-19 controls experienced large changes.

Method: The ONS published estimates of likelihood of individuals testing positive in two week monitoring periods between 21st November 2021 and 7th May 2022, relating this positivity to social and behavioural factors.

Association between emergency department attendances, sociodemographic factors and long-term health conditions in the population of Norfolk and Waveney, England: Cross sectional study.

Introduction: Demand for urgent and emergency health care in England has grown over the last decade, for reasons that are not clear. Changes in population demographics may be a cause. This study investigated associations between individuals' characteristics (including socioeconomic deprivation and long term health conditions (LTC)) and the frequency of emergency department (ED) attendances, in the Norfolk and Waveney subregion of the East of England.

Effectiveness of filtering or decontaminating air to reduce or prevent respiratory infections: A systematic review.

Unlabelled: Installation of technologies to remove or deactivate respiratory pathogens from indoor air is a plausible non-pharmaceutical infectious disease control strategy.

Objective: We undertook a systematic review of worldwide observational and experimental studies, published 1970-2022, to synthesise evidence about the effectiveness of suitable indoor air treatment technologies to prevent respiratory or gastrointestinal infections.

Methods: We searched for data about infection and symptom outcomes for persons who spent minimum 20 h/week in shared indoor spaces subjected to air treatment strategies hypothesised to change risk of respiratory or gastrointestinal infections or symptoms.

Study of the economic impact of cryptosporidiosis in calves after implementing good practices to manage the disease on dairy farms in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands.

spp. are widespread parasitic protozoans causing enteric infections in humans and animals. The parasites cause neonatal diarrhoea in calves, leading to a high mortality rate in the first three weeks.

Microbiome diversity is a modifiable virulence factor for cryptosporidiosis.

spp. infection causes significant disease in immunosuppressed individuals and children under the age of 5 years. The severity of the pathological presentation of cryptosporidiosis is a function of the host and parasite genotypes, host immune status, and the enteric environment or microbiome of the host.

Comparison of surveillance systems for monitoring COVID-19 in England: a retrospective observational study.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, cases were tracked using multiple surveillance systems. Some systems were completely novel, and others incorporated multiple data streams to estimate case incidence and prevalence. How well these different surveillance systems worked as epidemic indicators is unclear, which has implications for future disease surveillance and outbreak management.

Did mpox knowledge, attitudes and beliefs affect intended behaviour in the general population and men who are gay, bisexual and who have sex with men? An online cross-sectional survey in the UK.

Objectives: To investigate rates of mpox beliefs, knowledge and intended behaviours in the general population and in gay, bisexual or other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), and factors associated with intended behaviours. To test the impact of motivational messages (vs a factual control) on intended behaviours.

Design: Cross-sectional online survey including a nested randomised controlled trial.

Animal and environmental risk factors for sporadic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection in England: a case control study for O157, O26 and other STEC serotypes.

Most Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) infections are sporadic. Routine enhanced surveillance questionnaires of confirmed STEC cases in England contained promising data to conduct a case-control study to identify non-food exposures linked to the risk of becoming infected with different STEC serotypes, including O157, O26 and all others; this study pulled eligible cases from the recorded enhanced surveillance data. Controls were recruited from the general population and answered a comparable postal questionnaire.

Super-spreaders of novel coronaviruses that cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19: a systematic review.

Purpose: Most index cases with novel coronavirus infections transmit disease to just one or two other individuals, but some individuals "super-spread"-they infect many secondary cases. Understanding common factors that super-spreaders may share could inform outbreak models, and be used to guide contact tracing during outbreaks.

Methods: We searched in MEDLINE, Scopus, and preprints to identify studies about people documented as transmitting pathogens that cause SARS, MERS, or COVID-19 to at least nine other people.

Feasibility and evaluation of an emergency department-based general practitioner streaming and treatment service.

Rationale: Offering a primary care service that can provide good quality primary care at emergency departments may reduce pressure on usual emergency department (ED) services.

Aims And Objectives: To evaluate the acceptability, satisfaction, and potential impacts of a co-located primary care service at an emergency department.

Methods: This is a prospective feasibility study and service evaluation comprising a narrative summary of activity, satisfaction, well-being, and safety, and comparisons of wait times for ED services by patient category ('minor', 'majors', 'paediatric' or 'resus') before and during the service operation.

English care home staff morale and preparedness during the COVID pandemic: A longitudinal analysis.

Background: Staff actions to prevent infection introduction and transmission in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) were key to reducing morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. Implementing infection control measures (ICMs) requires training, adherence and complex decision making while trying to deliver high quality care. We surveyed LTCF staff in England about their preparedness and morale at 3 timepoints during the COVID-19 epidemic.

A mixed methods study on effectiveness and appropriateness of face shield use as COVID-19 PPE in middle income countries.

Background: Face shields were widely used in 2020-2021 as facial personal protective equipment (PPE). Laboratory evidence about how protective face shields might be and whether real world user priorities and usage habits conflicted with best practice for maximum possible protection was lacking - especially in limited resource settings.

Methods: Relative protective potential of 13 face shield designs were tested in a controlled laboratory setting.

Evidence to Underpin Vitamin A Requirements and Upper Limits in Children Aged 0 to 48 Months: A Scoping Review.

Vitamin A deficiency is a major health risk for infants and children in low- and middle-income countries. This scoping review identified, quantified, and mapped research for use in updating nutrient requirements and upper limits for vitamin A in children aged 0 to 48 months, using health-based or modelling-based approaches. Structured searches were run on Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central, from inception to 19 March 2021.

Was Alpha deadlier than wild-type COVID? Analysis in rural England.

Background: It is useful to document whether each newly dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern was more or less dangerous than preceding dominant variant(s). We assessed if the emergence of the Alpha (B.1.

Spatial Risk Factors for Pillar 1 COVID-19 Excess Cases and Mortality in Rural Eastern England, UK.

Understanding is still developing about spatial risk factors for COVID-19 infection or mortality. This is a secondary analysis of patient records in a confined area of eastern England, covering persons who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 through end May 2020, including dates of death and residence area. We obtained residence area data on air quality, deprivation levels, care home bed capacity, age distribution, rurality, access to employment centers, and population density.

Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 in Europe in 2020: a quasi-experimental non-equivalent group and time series design study.

IntroductionThe current pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is unparalleled in recent history as are the social distancing interventions that have led to a considerable halt on the economic and social life of so many countries.AimWe aimed to generate empirical evidence about which social distancing measures had the most impact in reducing case counts and mortality.MethodsWe report a quasi-experimental (observational) study of the impact of various interventions for control of the outbreak through 24 April 2020.

The COVID University Challenge: A Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points Assessment of the Return of Students to Higher Education Establishments.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted economies and societies throughout the world since early 2020. Education is especially affected, with schools and universities widely closed for long periods. People under 25 years have the lowest risk of severe disease but their activities can be key to persistent ongoing community transmission.

Introduction to and spread of COVID-19-like illness in care homes in Norfolk, UK.

Background: Residential care homes for the elderly are important settings for transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 disease.

Methods: We undertook secondary analysis of 248 care homes in Norfolk, UK. The dataset counted nurses, care workers and non-care workers, their status (available, absent due to leave or sickness and extra staff needed to address the coronavirus pandemic) and residents (if any) with suspected COVID-19 in the period 6 April to 6 May 2020.