Predictive Histopathological Markers for Upstaging to Invasive Carcinoma after a Biopsy Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma in situ of the Breast: A Hypothesis-Generating Systematic Review.

Introduction: Around 25% of patients with a biopsy diagnosis of pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) will be upstaged to invasive breast carcinoma (IBC) after surgery. Because of this upstaging risk, patients with high grade DCIS frequently undergo a sentinel lymph node procedure (SLNP), which can cause surgery-induced morbidity. Presentation with a palpable mass increases the upstaging risk, but histopathological predictors are currently unclear.

Reproducibility of Equivocal HER2 In Situ Hybridization Groups 3 and 4, and Comparison With HER2 mRNA Expression: The Thin Line Between Amplified and Nonamplified Breast Cancers.

Context.—: Breast carcinomas (BCs) with equivocal HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) immunohistochemistry are subjected to in situ hybridization (ISH) to assess HER2 copy numbers. Infrequently, dual-probe ISH also provides equivocal results, designated as ISH groups 2, 3, or 4.

Risk perception of patients with ductal carcinoma (DCIS) of the breast and their healthcare practitioners: The importance of histopathological terminology, and the gaps in our knowledge.

Despite ductal carcinoma (DCIS) being a non-obligatory precursor of invasive breast carcinoma, its diagnosis generates substantial psychological distress. The limited knowledge about the natural history of DCIS contributes to the insufficient transmission of information about DCIS to patients and the general population. The uncertainty about the progression risk to invasive carcinoma hampers adequate communication by clinicians.

Effects of Hormones on Breast Development and Breast Cancer Risk in Transgender Women.

Transgender women experience gender dysphoria due to a gender assignment at birth that is incongruent with their gender identity. Transgender people undergo different surgical procedures and receive sex steroids hormones to reduce psychological distress and to induce and maintain desired physical changes. These persons on feminizing hormones represent a unique population to study the hormonal effects on breast development, to evaluate the risk of breast cancer and perhaps to better understand the precise role played by different hormonal components.