Ecotoxicological assessment of the environmental risks of a glyphosate-based herbicide recently introduced in the Brazilian market: a perspective from plant-based bioassays.

This study determined the phytotoxic and cytogenetic effects of two glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs): XEQUE MATE HT IHARA® (restricted agricultural use - GBHn) and CITROMAX MAX 20 (used for gardening, sold for the general public - GBHg). Phytotoxicity bioassays were conducted using four non-target species (, , , and ) and one target species (). Both GBHs significantly reduced germination rate (G%), germination speed index (GSI), fresh mass (FM), and seedling growth (SG) in a dose-dependent manner.