Significant Pathology in Young Infants Presenting With Hypothermia: A Multicenter Study.

Objective: Hypothermia in young infants is often attributed to immature thermoregulation but may be the harbinger of significant pathology. We aimed to determine the prevalence and type of significant pathology in young infants aged 90 days or younger presenting with hypothermia (≤36.0 °C) and explore associations between this outcome and presenting characteristics and evaluation.

Immunothrombosis and plasma fibrinolytic function for pediatric COVID-19: a secondary analysis from the COVAC-TP trial.

The relationship between fibrinolysis, inflammation, and prothrombotic risk among children hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related illness is ill defined. To investigate the association between plasma fibrinolytic capacity and proinflammatory cytokine concentrations among children hospitalized for primary COVID-19 infection and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), we hypothesized that cytokine concentrations differ by clinical phenotype and are associated with hypofibrinolysis. We analyzed banked plasma specimens serially collected from children aged <18 years admitted for primary COVID-19 or MIS-C and enrolled in the COVID-19 Anticoagulation in Children-Thromboprophylaxis multicenter trial, an open-label, multicenter, phase 2 clinical trial conducted between July 2020 and May 2021.

Pathway polygenic risk scores (pPRS) for the analysis of gene-environment interaction.

A polygenic risk score (PRS) is used to quantify the combined disease risk of many genetic variants. For complex human traits there is interest in determining whether the PRS modifies, i.e.

Separable global and local beta burst dynamics in motor cortex of primates.

Sensorimotor beta band oscillations are known to modulate during normal movement control and abnormal beta modulation is linked to pathological bradykinesia. However, the functional differences between beta localized to one brain area versus beta synchronized across brain areas remains unclear. We monitored beta bursts in non-human primates, both neurotypical and stroke-impaired, during the performance of complex motor tasks.

Red meat intake interacts with a TGF-β-pathway-based polygenic risk score to impact colorectal cancer risk: Application of a novel approach for polygenic risk score construction.

Background: High intake of red and/or processed meat are established colorectal cancer (CRC) risk factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported 204 variants (G) associated with CRC risk. We used functional annotation data to identify subsets of variants within known pathways and constructed pathway-based Polygenic Risk Scores (pPRS) to model pPRS x environment (E) interactions.

Systemic Corticosteroids for Acute Viral Bronchiolitis: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study.

Background: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 2014 clinical practice guidelines for acute viral bronchiolitis caution against systemic corticosteroid administration. We sought to estimate corticosteroid prescribing rates among critically ill children hospitalized for bronchiolitis and characterize clinical features by corticosteroid prescription.

Patients And Methods: We performed a retrospective, multicenter cohort study using the Pediatric Hospital Information System database that included children aged 1 to 23 months admitted for acute viral bronchiolitis within 48 pediatric intensive care units from 2013 to 2023.

Widefield OCT angiography.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a volumetric, non-invasive, high-resolution vascular imaging modality capable of acquiring highly detailed visualizations of retinal microvasculature. It has become an important tool for diagnosis and prognosis in prevalent diseases and pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, and vein occlusions, as well as more rare conditions, including inherited retinal dystrophies. It is also useful for measuring treatment response and assessing which patients would benefit from treatment.

Neurocysticercosis With Collision Metastasis of Ovarian Serous Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report.

Neurocysticercosis (NC), a parasitic infection caused by , is an increasingly recognized cause of seizures in the United States, particularly among individuals from endemic regions. This report describes a diagnostically challenging case of a 51-year-old Vietnamese woman who presented with new-onset seizures and was initially treated for NC following craniotomy. Despite antiparasitic therapy, persistent symptoms and progressive imaging changes prompted further intervention, ultimately revealing a metastatic ovarian serous adenocarcinoma adjacent to the prior NC lesion.

Association Between Timing of Albuterol and Care Escalation to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Within 24 Hours of Admission for Status Asthmaticus.

Children admitted to the general in-patient unit for status asthmaticus may not receive the first albuterol treatment on schedule. We sought to determine if a difference in timing between the scheduled and actual first dose of albuterol is associated with care escalation to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). We conducted a single-center case-control study of children 2-18 years admitted from the emergency department to the general in-patient unit for status asthmaticus.

Contrasting patterns of extrasynaptic NMDAR-GluN2B expression in macaque subgenual cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices.

Expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, particularly when containing the GluN2B subunit (NMDAR-GluN2B), varies across the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In humans, the subgenual cingulate cortex (SGC) contains among the highest levels of NMDAR-GluN2B expression, while the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) exhibits a more moderate level of NMDAR-GluN2B expression. NMDAR-GluN2B are commonly associated with ionotropic synaptic function and plasticity and are essential to the neurotransmission underlying working memory in the macaque dlPFC in the layer III circuits, which in humans are afflicted in schizophrenia.

A large-scale genome-wide study of gene-sleep duration interactions for blood pressure in 811,405 individuals from diverse populations.

Although both short and long sleep duration are associated with elevated hypertension risk, our understanding of their interplay with biological pathways governing blood pressure remains limited. To address this, we carried out genome-wide cross-population gene-by-short-sleep and long-sleep duration interaction analyses for three blood pressure traits (systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure) in 811,405 individuals from diverse population groups. We discovered 22 novel gene-sleep duration interaction loci for blood pressure, mapped to 23 genes.

Targeting of phosphorylated tau at threonine 181 by a Qβ virus-like particle vaccine is safe, highly immunogenic, and reduces disease severity in mice and rhesus macaques.

Introduction: Pathological accumulation of tau (pTau) contributes to various tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and correlates with cognitive decline. A rapid surge in tau-targeted approaches via anti-sense oligonucleotides, active/passive immunotherapies suggests that targeting p-Tau is a viable strategy against tauopathies.

Method: We describe a multi-species validation of our previously described Qß virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine technology targeting phosphorylated tau on threonine 181 (pT181-Qß).

Variability in Treatment of UTIs in Children With Genitourinary Anomalies in Children's Hospitals.

Objective: In children with urinary tract anomalies, febrile urinary tract infections (UTIs) are associated with increased risks of sepsis, hospitalization, and kidney injury. However, the best treatment strategies are unknown. We aimed to describe antibiotic treatment practices and outcomes for UTIs in children with urinary tract anomalies and evaluate whether variability in UTI treatment exists between hospitals.

A Large-Scale Genome-wide Association Study of Blood Pressure Accounting for Gene-Depressive Symptomatology Interactions in 564,680 Individuals from Diverse Populations.

Background: Gene-environment interactions may enhance our understanding of hypertension. Our previous study highlighted the importance of considering psychosocial factors in gene discovery for blood pressure (BP) but was limited in statistical power and population diversity. To address these challenges, we conducted a multi-population genome-wide association study (GWAS) of BP accounting for gene-depressive symptomatology (DEPR) interactions in a larger and more diverse sample.

Accuracy of ultrasound estimation of fetal weight in twin pregnancy.

Objective: To determine the accuracy of formulas for estimation of fetal weight in twin pregnancy.

Methods: Inclusion criteria from the ESPRiT twin cohort were twin pregnancies that resulted in live-born twins without congenital anomalies or twin-twin transfusion syndrome, ultrasound examination within 3 days of delivery, birth weight (BW) > 500 g and gestational age > 24 weeks. A total of 63 formulas using various combinations of abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), biparietal diameter (BPD) and head circumference (HC) for the estimation of fetal weight (EFW), were compared to BW for accuracy in 226 twin pregnancies/452 fetuses.

Prevalence of Serious Bacterial Infection in Young Infants with Hypothermia with Positive Respiratory Pathogen Testing.

Objectives: We sought to compare the prevalence of serious bacterial infections (SBI; urinary tract infection, bacteremia, and/or meningitis) and invasive bacterial infections (IBI; bacteremia and/or meningitis) among infants with hypothermia with positive vs negative respiratory pathogen testing.

Study Design: We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of infants ≤90 days presenting to an emergency department or directly admitted to a hospital from September 1, 2016, to May 5, 2021, with reported or documented hypothermia (≤36°C). Positive respiratory pathogen testing included positive single or multiplex nucleic acid amplification testing.

Gene-Air Pollution Interaction and Diversity of Genetic Sampling: The Southern California Children's Health Study.

Gene-environment interactions have been observed for childhood asthma, however few have been assessed in ethnically diverse populations. Thus, we examined how polygenic risk score (PRS) modifies the association between ambient air pollution exposure (nitrogen dioxide [NO], ozone, particulate matter < 2.5 and < 10 μm) and childhood asthma incidence in a diverse cohort.

A system for producing controlled elevation of intraocular pressure in awake Brown Norway rats.

Animal models that help us understand how elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) causes axonal injury will lead to new glaucoma therapies. Because reliable measurements are difficult to obtain in chronic models, we developed the controlled elevation of IOP (CEI) approach. Here, a cannula connected to an elevated balanced salt solution (BSS) reservoir is inserted into the anterior chamber of anesthetized Brown Norway rats.

Blood Transfusion and Survival of Children, Adolescent, and Young Adult Patients with Osteosarcoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.

: Prior studies suggest that blood transfusion may adversely affect the survival of patients with cancer via transfusion-related immunomodulation. The objective of our study is to investigate the association between transfusion during neoadjuvant chemotherapy and survival in children, adolescent, and young adult (CAYA, 39 years old or younger) patients with osteosarcoma. : This is a multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients between 2007 and 2022.

Pathway Polygenic Risk Scores (pPRS) for the Analysis of Gene-environment Interaction.

A polygenic risk score (PRS) is used to quantify the combined disease risk of many genetic variants. For complex human traits there is interest in determining whether the PRS modifies, i.e.

Classification of direct threats to the conservation of ecosystems and species 4.0.

Identifying and assessing the magnitude of direct threats to ecosystems and species are critical steps to prioritizing, planning, implementing, and assessing conservation actions. Just as medical clinicians and researchers need a standard way to talk about human diseases, conservation practitioners and scientists need a common and comprehensive language to talk about the threats they are facing to facilitate joint action, evaluation, and learning. To meet this need, in 2008 the IUCN Species Survival Commission and the Conservation Measures Partnership produced the first version of a common threats classification with the understanding that it would be periodically updated to take into account new information and learning.

High-resolution ocean color imagery from the SeaHawk-HawkEye CubeSat mission.

Here we describe the data obtained by a successful proof-of-concept initiative to launch the first ocean color imager on board a CubeSat satellite and collect research-grade imagery at severalfold higher spatial resolution than any other ocean color satellite mission. The 3U CubeSat, named SeaHawk, flew at a nominal altitude of 585 km. Its ocean color sensor, HawkEye, collected 7,471 research-grade push-broom images of 230 × 780 km at best-in-class 130 × 130 m per pixel.

112° field of view high-resolution swept-source OCT angiography for rat retinas.

This study introduces an ultra-wide field (UWF) and high-resolution swept-source optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) system for rat retinal imaging. Using an asymmetrical optics design, the system achieves unprecedented details of retinal structures and vascular plexuses over a large field of view (112°) in a single-shot acquisition. Views of single-nerve fiber bundles and single capillary vessels are consistently visible over a 112° field of view.

Smoking during pregnancy in an Irish obstetric Population: Prevalence, maternal and ethnic factors.

Objectives: Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with adverse health outcomes for the mother and her fetus in utero. A high prevalence of smoking during pregnancy is reported within an Irish obstetric population. However, there are no recent Irish data regarding change in smoking rates over time, or factors associated with declining smoking prevalence.

Controlled Elevation of Intraocular Pressure (CEI) Glaucoma Model in Rats.

Experimental elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP), a major glaucoma risk factor, has been a mainstay of research into mechanisms of glaucomatous optic nerve damage for decades. Methods that produce sustained IOP elevation can mimic the chronic nature of glaucoma and produce optic nerve damage. However, the pressure course for individual animals can be variable, unpredictably high at times, and difficult to monitor with current tonometry methods.