Reducing Risks of Facial Scarring.

Risk factors for the formation of facial scars include skin type, ethnicity, scar location, and certain medical conditions that contribute to poor or delayed healing. Risk of scar can be reduced with appropriate surgical planning, including proper placement and design of incisions, meticulous skin closure, aseptic technique, and wound care to improve healing. Common pathologic scars include hypertrophic scars and keloid scars, each of which has unique approaches to surgical revision and medical treatment due to their respective risks of recurrence.

Extensive Tongue Laceration in an Edentulous Infant: Is It Child Abuse?

It is important for medical providers to distinguish between accidental and abusive mechanisms of injury in children. In the absence of a serious trauma, an isolated tongue laceration and oromaxillofacial trauma in a young, edentulous infant raises significant concern for abuse. The presented case demonstrates a unique injury pattern and serves as an opportunity to explore the multidisciplinary approach to infant trauma in Otolaryngology.

Surgical wound classification in otolaryngology: A state-of-the-art review.

Objective: To describe the issues related to the assignment of surgical wound classification as it pertains to Otolaryngology-Head & Neck surgery, and to present a simple framework by which providers can assign wound classification.

Data Sources: Literature review.

Conclusion: Surgical wound classification in its current state is limited in its utility.

Steroid-eluting Stent Placement for Refractory Stenosis of Parotid Megaduct After Sialodochoplasty.

Salivary megaduct with stricture is characterized by recurrent pain, swelling, and infection, leading to reduced quality of life. Surgical management includes sialodochoplasty, however, recurrence is common and repeated surgery can lead to further scarring. In the sinuses, drug-eluting stents (DES) are used to reduce scarring after surgery, yet no such technology exists for salivary megaduct with stricture.

COVID-19 and the Otolaryngology Residency Match: Rising Incidence of Home Matches.

Objectives/hypothesis: To quantify the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic upon the 2020 to 2021 residency match for Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS).

Study Design: Retrospective cohort design.

Methods: Residency match outcomes for all applicants to our institution during 2020 to 2021 were collected from the National Residency Matching Program including medical school of origin and matched program.

A virtual sub-internship for otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.

Objective: During the COVID-19 pandemic, away rotations were suspended for safety purposes. This led to the development of online interactive learning modules for students, now known as virtual sub-internships (VSIs). To date, VSIs within otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (OHNS) have been limited in their description and design.

Geographic Trends in the Otolaryngology Match (2016-2020).

Objective: Presenting geographic matching trends over 5 match cycles (2016-2020) to serve as a context for changes in residency match outcomes due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Study Design: Retrospective review.

Setting: Single academic institution-affiliated otolaryngology-head and neck surgery residency program.

Association of Sinonasal Inflammation With Functional Brain Connectivity.

Importance: In recent years, there have been several meaningful advances in the understanding of the cognitive effects of chronic rhinosinusitis. However, an investigation exploring the potential link between the underlying inflammatory disease and higher-order neural processing has not yet been performed.

Objective: To describe the association of sinonasal inflammation with functional brain connectivity (Fc), which may underlie chronic rhinosinusitis-related cognitive changes.

Association of CSF Biomarkers With Hippocampal-Dependent Memory in Preclinical Alzheimer Disease.

Objective: To determine whether memory tasks with demonstrated sensitivity to hippocampal function can detect variance related to preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarkers, we examined associations between performance in 3 memory tasks and CSF β-amyloid (Aβ)/Aβ and phosopho-tau (p-tau) in cognitively unimpaired older adults (CU).

Methods: CU enrolled in the Stanford Aging and Memory Study (n = 153; age 68.78 ± 5.

Hippocampal and cortical mechanisms at retrieval explain variability in episodic remembering in older adults.

Age-related episodic memory decline is characterized by striking heterogeneity across individuals. Hippocampal pattern completion is a fundamental process supporting episodic memory. Yet, the degree to which this mechanism is impaired with age, and contributes to variability in episodic memory, remains unclear.

Substantia Nigra Volume Dissociates Bradykinesia and Rigidity from Tremor in Parkinson's Disease: A 7 Tesla Imaging Study.

Background: In postmortem analysis of late stage Parkinson's disease (PD) neuronal loss in the substantial nigra (SN) correlates with the antemortem severity of bradykinesia and rigidity, but not tremor.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between midbrain nuclei volume as an in vivo biomarker for surviving neurons in mild-to-moderate patients using 7.0 Tesla MRI.

Hippocampal CA1 subfield predicts episodic memory impairment in Parkinson's disease.

Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) episodic memory impairments are common; however, it is not known whether these impairments are due to hippocampal pathology. Hippocampal Lewy-bodies emerge by Braak stage 4, but are not uniformly distributed. For instance, hippocampal CA1 Lewy-body pathology has been specifically associated with pre-mortem episodic memory performance in demented patients.

Individual differences in associative memory among older adults explained by hippocampal subfield structure and function.

Older adults experience impairments in episodic memory, ranging from mild to clinically significant. Given the critical role of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in episodic memory, age-related changes in MTL structure and function may partially account for individual differences in memory. Using ultra-high-field 7T structural MRI and high-resolution 3T functional MRI (hr-fMRI), we evaluated MTL subfield thickness and function in older adults representing a spectrum of cognitive health.

A harmonized segmentation protocol for hippocampal and parahippocampal subregions: Why do we need one and what are the key goals?

The advent of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has enabled in vivo research in a variety of populations and diseases on the structure and function of hippocampal subfields and subdivisions of the parahippocampal gyrus. Because of the many extant and highly discrepant segmentation protocols, comparing results across studies is difficult. To overcome this barrier, the Hippocampal Subfields Group was formed as an international collaboration with the aim of developing a harmonized protocol for manual segmentation of hippocampal and parahippocampal subregions on high-resolution MRI.

Quantitative comparison of 21 protocols for labeling hippocampal subfields and parahippocampal subregions in in vivo MRI: towards a harmonized segmentation protocol.

Objective: An increasing number of human in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have focused on examining the structure and function of the subfields of the hippocampal formation (the dentate gyrus, CA fields 1-3, and the subiculum) and subregions of the parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices). The ability to interpret the results of such studies and to relate them to each other would be improved if a common standard existed for labeling hippocampal subfields and parahippocampal subregions. Currently, research groups label different subsets of structures and use different rules, landmarks, and cues to define their anatomical extents.

APOE ε4 worsens hippocampal CA1 apical neuropil atrophy and episodic memory.

Objectives: Using high-resolution structural MRI, we endeavored to study the relationships among APOE ε4, hippocampal subfield and stratal anatomy, and episodic memory.

Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, we studied 11 patients with Alzheimer disease dementia, 14 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and 14 age-matched healthy controls with no group differences in APOE ε4 carrier status. Each subject underwent ultra-high-field 7.

Shared vulnerability of two synaptically-connected medial temporal lobe areas to age and cognitive decline: a seven tesla magnetic resonance imaging study.

The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is the first brain area to succumb to neurofibrillary tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Postmortem human tissue evaluation suggests that this pathology propagates in an ordered manner, with the entorhinal cortex (ERC) and then CA1 stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare (CA1-SRLM)--two monosynaptically connected structures--exhibiting selective damage. Here, we hypothesized that, if ERC and CA1-SRLM share an early vulnerability to AD pathology, then atrophy should occur in a proportional manner between the two structures.