Temporal Changes in 18 F-FDG PET/CT in Familial Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusion Disease, Based on the Clinical Course.

We report temporal changes in 18 F-FDG PET/CT in neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID). In a patient with encephalitis-like episodes, PET showed hypermetabolism correlating with EEG alterations. Affected sites later became hypometabolic and showed diffusion changes on MRI.

7-Ketocholesterol plays a key role in cholesterol-induced hepatitis via macrophage and neutrophil infiltration.

This study sought to explore the role of 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) in liver damage caused by high cholesterol intake and its potential pathological mechanism in mice. Our in vivo findings indicated that mice fed a high-cholesterol diet had elevated serum levels of 7-KC, accompanied by liver injury and inflammation, similar to human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Furthermore, the high-cholesterol diet induced neutrophil infiltration, which played a critical role in liver damage through myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity.

High Cholesterol-Induced Bone Loss Is Attenuated by Arctiin via an Action in Osteoclasts.

High cholesterol-induced bone loss is highly associated with oxidative stress, which leads to the generation of oxysterols, such as 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC). Here, we conducted in vivo and in vitro experiments to determine whether arctiin prevents high cholesterol diet-induced bone loss by decreasing oxidative stress. First, arctiin was orally administered to atherogenic diet (AD)-fed C57BL/6J male mice at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 6 weeks.

Doxorubicin Induces Bone Loss by Increasing Autophagy through a Mitochondrial ROS/TRPML1/TFEB Axis in Osteoclasts.

Doxorubicin (DOX), a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, has been linked to an increased risk of bone damage in human patients and induces bone loss in mice. DOX induces autophagy, which contributes to bone homeostasis and excess autophagy in osteoclasts (OCs), resulting in bone loss. We hypothesized that DOX-induced bone loss is caused by the induction of autophagy in OCs.

Morin Disrupts Cytoskeleton Reorganization in Osteoclasts through an ROS/SHP1/c-Src Axis and Grants Protection from LPS-Induced Bone Loss.

Morin is a naturally occurring flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. Therefore, we hypothesized that morin may prevent inflammatory bone loss by reducing oxidative stress. To investigate the effect of morin on inflammatory bone loss, mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Pretreatment with 6-Gingerol Ameliorates Sepsis-Induced Immune Dysfunction by Regulating the Cytokine Balance and Reducing Lymphocyte Apoptosis.

Sepsis is characterized by an initial net hyperinflammatory response, followed by a period of immunosuppression, termed immunoparalysis. During this immunosuppressive phase, patients may have difficulty eradicating invading pathogens and are susceptible to life-threatening secondary hospital-acquired infections. Due to progress in antimicrobial treatment and supportive care, most patients survive early sepsis.

Tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein promotes stemness of liver cancer and cisplatin resistance.

Background: High recurrence and chemoresistance drive the high mortality in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although cancer stem cells are considered to be the source of recurrent and chemoresistant tumors, they remain poorly defined in HCC. Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) is elevated in almost all HCC tumors and associated with recurrence and death.

Estrogen enhances browning in adipose tissue by M2 macrophage polarization via heme oxygenase-1.

Loss of ovarian function results in increased fat mass, leading to the accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages that participate in chronic inflammation. We hypothesized that ovariectomy (OVX)-induced increases in body weight and fat mass are associated with decreased adipose tissue (AT) browning due to estrogen (E ) deficiency. In mice, OVX decreased AT browning along with increased body weight, fat mass, and size of lipid droplets 12 weeks after surgery.

Primary hepatic extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.

Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma), is one of the specific type of low-grade B-cell lymphoma not infrequently found worldwide. It typically involves mucosal sites such as stomach and conjunctiva; however, primary hepatic MALT lymphoma has been extremely rarely reported. We describe a case of hepatic MALT lymphoma in a 70-year-old male patient who underwent left hepatectomy due to the incidentally detected liver masses at a medical checkup.

Dauricine Protects from LPS-Induced Bone Loss via the ROS/PP2A/NF-κB Axis in Osteoclasts.

Dauricine (DAC), an isoquinoline alkaloid, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. We hypothesized that DAC may prevent the inflammatory bone loss induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS-induced bone loss was decreased by DAC in female C57BL/6J mice as evaluated by micro-computerized tomography (μCT) analysis.

Programmed death-ligand 1 expression and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters in gallbladder cancer.

Background: Immunomodulatory therapies targeting the interaction between programmed cell death protein 1 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have become increasingly important in anticancer treatment. Previous research on the subject of this immune response has established an association with tumor aggressiveness and a poor prognosis in certain cancers. Currently, scant information is available on the relationship between PD-L1 expression and gallbladder cancer (GBC).

Atherogenic diet-induced bone loss is primarily due to increased osteoclastogenesis in mice.

Atherogenic diet (AD) decreased bone density and increased serum cholesterol level in male mice, implying that cholesterol participates in bone loss. The aim of the present study was to identify the cells responsible for bone loss and evaluate the involved mechanism. AD resulted in increased number and surface of osteoclasts (OCs) with in vivo tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, suggesting a critical role of OCs in cholesterol-induced bone loss.

Lycorine Attenuates Autophagy in Osteoclasts via an Axis of mROS/TRPML1/TFEB to Reduce LPS-Induced Bone Loss.

Lycorine, a plant alkaloid, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by acting in macrophages that share precursor cells with osteoclasts (OCs). We hypothesized that lycorine might decrease bone loss by acting in OCs after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, since OCs play a main role in LPS-induced bone loss. Microcomputerized tomography (CT) analysis revealed that lycorine attenuated LPS-induced bone loss in mice.

MCP-1 deficiency enhances browning of adipose tissue via increased M2 polarization.

Obesity is strongly associated with chronic inflammation for which adipose tissue macrophages play a critical role. The objective of this study is to identify monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) as a key player governing M1-M2 macrophage polarization and energy balance. We evaluated body weight, fat mass, adipocyte size and energy expenditure as well as core body temperature of Ccl2 knockout mice compared with wild-type mice.

MicroRNA-29b Enhances Osteoclast Survival by Targeting BCL-2-Modifying Factor after Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation.

Recent findings suggest that microRNAs (miRs) play a critical role in osteoclastogenesis, which regulates bone loss. We hypothesized that inflammation induces miR-29b, which increases the survival rate in osteoclasts (OCs), leading to bone loss. The expression level of miR-29b increased in OC stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in an in vitro system which correlated with its increase in tibiae from mice that received LPS injections compared with those that received vehicle treatment.

4-Phenylbutyric acid protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced bone loss by modulating autophagy in osteoclasts.

4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) has been used clinically to treat urea cycle disorders and is known to be an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We hypothesized that 4-PBA attenuates inflammatory bone loss by inducing autophagy, a process that is frequently accompanied by ER stress. Micro computerized tomography analysis showed that 4-PBA attenuated LPS-induced bone loss in mice.

Tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein promotes hepatocellular carcinogenesis, recurrence and metastasis.

Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer with high rate of recurrence and mortality. Diverse aetiological agents and wide heterogeneity in individual tumours impede effective and personalised treatment. Tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP) is a transcriptional cofactor for the expression of proinflammatory genes.

Ultrasonographic Features of Eccrine Spiradenoma.

The purpose of this series was to evaluate the features of eccrine spiradenoma on ultrasonography (US). We reviewed the clinical data of 8 patients with eccrine spiradenoma who underwent preoperative US at 4 different medical institutions from 2004 to 2016 and analyzed the US features in terms of the tumor location, size, shape, margin, echo texture, echogenicity, posterior acoustic enhancement, calcification, septum, and color Doppler flow. There were 7 female patients and 1 male patient.

Lack of NOD2 attenuates ovariectomy-induced bone loss via inhibition of osteoclasts.

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2) is a pattern recognition receptor of the innate immune system. It interacts with serine-threonine kinases to induce activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which is important for receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) signaling. We tested the idea that NOD2 modulates bone metabolism via an action on osteoclasts (OCs).

Concurrent Gastric Adenocarcinoma of Fundic Gland Type and Carcinoma with Lymphoid Stroma: A Rare Case Report.

Both gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type (ADC-FG) and carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, LELC) are relatively rare. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of LELC. However, the pathogenesis of ADC-FG, as well as the role of EBV in the carcinogenesis of LELC, remain unclear and under debate.

MRI features of calcifying aponeurotic fibroma in the upper arm: a case report and review of the literature.

Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma is a rare soft tissue tumor that occurs in the distal extremities of children and adolescents. We report a case of pathologically proven calcifying aponeurotic fibroma in the left upper arm of a 23-year-old female. Radiographs revealed increased soft tissue density with multiple stippled calcifications in the mid-portion of the patient's left upper arm.

Pure Intrasellar Meningioma Mimicking Pituitary Macroadenoma: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Review of the Literature.

Intrasellar meningioma originating from the sellar floor is extremely rare and is often indistinguishable from pituitary macroadenoma, both clinically and radiologically. Here, we report a case involving a 68-year-old patient with intrasellar meningioma possibly originating from the sellar floor and present a brief review of all previous cases reported in the English literature.

Cilostazol attenuates ovariectomy-induced bone loss by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.

Background: Cilostazol has been reported to alleviate the metabolic syndrome induced by increased intracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels, which is also associated with osteoclast (OC) differentiation. We hypothesized that bone loss might be attenuated via an action on OC by cilostazol.

Methodology And Principal Findings: To test this idea, we investigated the effect of cilostazol on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss in mice and on OC differentiation in vitro, using μCT and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, respectively.