Assessing temporal trends of trace metal concentrations in mosses over France between 1996 and 2011: A flexible and robust method to account for heterogeneous sampling strategies.

Air quality biomonitoring has been successfully assessed using mosses for decades in Europe, particularly regarding heavy metals (HM). Assessing robust temporal variations of HM concentrations in mosses requires to better understand to what extent they are affected by the sampling protocol and the moss species. This study used the concentrations of 14 elements measured during four surveys over 15 years in France.