Optimising Cardiac Diffusion Tensor Imaging In Vivo: More Directions or Repetitions?

Background: Cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) is sensitive to imaging parameters including the number of unique diffusion encoding directions (ND) and number of repetitions (NR; analogous to number of signal averages or NSA). However, there is no clear guidance for optimising these parameters in the clinical setting.

Methods: Spin echo cDTI data with 2 order motion compensated diffusion encoding gradients were acquired in ten healthy volunteers on a 3T MRI scanner with different diffusion encoding schemes in pseudo-randomised order.

Multi-centre Investigation of Cardiac Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Healthy Volunteers by SCMR Cardiac Diffusion Special Interest Group NETwork (SIGNET).

Background: Cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) is an emerging technique for microstructural characterization of the heart and has shown clinical potential in a range of cardiomyopathies. However, there is substantial variation reported for in vivo cDTI results across the literature, and sensitivity of cDTI to differences in imaging sites, scanners, acquisition protocols and post-processing methods remains incompletely understood.

Methods: SIGNET is a prospective multi-centre, observational study in travelling and non-travelling healthy volunteers.

Robust constrained weighted least squares for in vivo human cardiac diffusion kurtosis imaging.

Purpose: Cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) can investigate the microstructure of heart tissue. At sufficiently high b-values, additional information on microstructure can be observed, but the data require a representation such as diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI). cDTI is prone to image corruption, which is usually treated with shot rejection but which can be handled more generally with robust estimation.

Cardiac diffusion kurtosis imaging in the human heart in vivo using 300 mT/m gradients.

Purpose: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is commonly used in cardiac diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI). However, the tissue's microstructure (cells, membranes, etc.) restricts the movement of the water molecules, making the spin displacements deviate from Gaussian behavior.

Diffusion tensor imaging at 3T for diagnosing root avulsion in adults with acute traumatic brachial plexus injuries.

Background: Root avulsion in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury (tBPI) are common and MRI is used to help identify patients who need urgent reconstruction. Diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) generates proxy measures of nerve 'health' which are sensitive to myelination, axon diameter, fibre density and organisation. This prospective multicentre pilot study assessed the utility of DTI for detecting root avulsion in adults with acute traumatic brachial plexus injury.

A novel multimodality anthropomorphic phantom enhances compliance with quality assurance guidelines for magnetic resonance imaging in radiotherapy.

Background And Purpose: The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for radiotherapy (RT) simulation has grown, prompting quality assurance (QA) guidelines by the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM) and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM). This study compares a novel multimodality anthropomorphic phantom to an American College of Radiology (ACR) phantom for a subset of these MRI-specific QA tests in RT.

Materials And Methods: A novel 3D-printed multimodality head-and-neck anthropomorphic phantom was compared to an ACR large MRI phantom.

Outlier detection in cardiac diffusion tensor imaging: Shot rejection or robust fitting?

Cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) is highly prone to image corruption, yet robust-fitting methods are rarely used. Single voxel outlier detection (SVOD) can overlook corruptions that are visually obvious, perhaps causing reluctance to replace whole-image shot-rejection (SR) despite its own deficiencies. SVOD's deficiencies may be relatively unimportant: corrupted signals that are not statistical outliers may not be detrimental.

Cardiac diffusion-weighted and tensor imaging: A consensus statement from the special interest group of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

Thanks to recent developments in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), cardiac diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance is fast emerging in a range of clinical applications. Cardiac diffusion-weighted imaging (cDWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) now enable investigators and clinicians to assess and quantify the tridimensional microstructure of the heart. Free-contrast DWI is uniquely sensitized to the presence and displacement of water molecules within the myocardial tissue, including the intracellular, extracellular, and intravascular spaces.

Assessing suitability and stability of materials for a head and neck anthropomorphic multimodality (MRI/CT) phantoms for radiotherapy.

This study aims to identify and evaluate suitable and stable materials for developing a head and neck anthropomorphic multimodality phantom for radiotherapy purposes. These materials must mimic human head and neck tissues in both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and maintain stable imaging properties over time and after radiation exposure, including the high levels associated with linear accelerator (linac) use.Various materials were assessed by measuring their CT numbers and T1 and T2 relaxation times.

On the correction of spiral trajectories on a preclinical MRI scanner with a high-performance gradient insert.

This study aimed to examine different trajectory correction methods for spiral imaging on a preclinical scanner with high-performance gradients with respect to image quality in a phantom and in vivo. The gold standard method of measuring the trajectories in a separate experiment is compared to an isotropic delay-correction, a correction using the gradient system transfer function (GSTF), and a combination of the two. Three different spiral trajectories, with 96, 16, and three interleaves, are considered.

In vivo diffusion MRI of the human heart using a 300 mT/m gradient system.

Purpose: This work reports for the first time on the implementation and application of cardiac diffusion-weighted MRI on a Connectom MR scanner with a maximum gradient strength of 300 mT/m. It evaluates the benefits of the increased gradient performance for the investigation of the myocardial microstructure.

Methods: Cardiac diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) experiments were performed on 10 healthy volunteers using a spin-echo sequence with up to second- and third-order motion compensation ( and ) and , and 1000 (twice the commonly used on clinical scanners).

Microstructural and Microvascular Phenotype of Sarcomere Mutation Carriers and Overt Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Background: In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), myocyte disarray and microvascular disease (MVD) have been implicated in adverse events, and recent evidence suggests that these may occur early. As novel therapy provides promise for disease modification, detection of phenotype development is an emerging priority. To evaluate their utility as early and disease-specific biomarkers, we measured myocardial microstructure and MVD in 3 HCM groups-overt, either genotype-positive (G+LVH+) or genotype-negative (G-LVH+), and subclinical (G+LVH-) HCM-exploring relationships with electrical changes and genetic substrate.

Measuring cardiomyocyte cellular characteristics in cardiac hypertrophy using diffusion-weighted MRI.

Purpose: This paper presents a hierarchical modeling approach for estimating cardiomyocyte major and minor diameters and intracellular volume fraction (ICV) using diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) data in ex vivo mouse hearts.

Methods: DWI data were acquired on two healthy controls and two hearts 3 weeks post transverse aortic constriction (TAC) using a bespoke diffusion scheme with multiple diffusion times ( ), q-shells and diffusion encoding directions. Firstly, a bi-exponential tensor model was fitted separately at each diffusion time to disentangle the dependence on diffusion times from diffusion weightings, that is, b-values.

Meta-analysis of the normal diffusion tensor imaging values of the peripheral nerves in the upper limb.

Peripheral neuropathy affects 1 in 10 adults over the age of 40 years. Given the absence of a reliable diagnostic test for peripheral neuropathy, there has been a surge of research into diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) because it characterises nerve microstructure and provides reproducible proxy measures of myelination, axon diameter, fibre density and organisation. Before researchers and clinicians can reliably use diffusion tensor imaging to assess the 'health' of the major nerves of the upper limb, we must understand the "normal" range of values and how they vary with experimental conditions.

Pathophysiology of LV Remodeling Following STEMI: A Longitudinal Diffusion Tensor CMR Study.

Background: Adverse LV remodeling post-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with a poor prognosis, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Diffusion tensor (DT)-cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) allows in vivo characterization of myocardial architecture and provides unique mechanistic insight into pathophysiologic changes following myocardial infarction.

Objectives: This study evaluated the potential associations between DT-CMR performed soon after STEMI and long-term adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling following STEMI.

Three-dimensional micro-structurally informed in silico myocardium-Towards virtual imaging trials in cardiac diffusion weighted MRI.

In silico tissue models (viz. numerical phantoms) provide a mechanism for evaluating quantitative models of magnetic resonance imaging. This includes the validation and sensitivity analysis of imaging biomarkers and tissue microstructure parameters.

Exploratory Analysis of Serial F-fluciclovine PET-CT and Multiparametric MRI during Chemoradiation for Glioblastoma.

Anti-1-amino-3-fluorine-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (F-fluciclovine) positron emission tomography (PET) shows preferential glioma uptake but there is little data on how uptake correlates with post-contrast T1-weighted (Gd-T1) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) activity during adjuvant treatment. This pilot study aimed to compare F-fluciclovine PET, DCE-MRI and Gd-T1 in patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy for glioblastoma (GBM), and in a parallel pre-clinical GBM model, to investigate correlation between F-fluciclovine uptake, MRI findings, and tumour biology. F-fluciclovine-PET-computed tomography (PET-CT) and MRI including DCE-MRI were acquired before, during and after adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (60 Gy in 30 fractions with temozolomide) in GBM patients.