Pathophysiology and treatment of exercise-associated hyponatremia.

Exercise associated hyponatremia (EAH) is a medical condition that can occur during physical exertion. Initially, EAH was considered to be restricted to extreme endurance activities, such as ultramarathons and Ironman triathlons. However, it has been more recently recognized in a variety of sports, including team sports and in shorter-duration events.

Thyroid lesions of neuroendocrine origin? Thinking of a "polka-dotted" zebra! Case series from three Italian referral centers and review of the literature.

Background: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) may metastasize very rarely to the thyroid. The current paper aims at identifying peculiar thyroid nodule's features that could prompt their diagnosis and analyzing therapeutic approach and patient's outcome.

Materials And Methods: A case series of three patients have been collected from three Italian referral centers.

Efficacy and tolerability of somatostatin analogues according to gender in patients with neuroendocrine tumors.

As the incidence of neuroendocrine tumors has been rising, gender differences in epidemiology and clinical behavior have emerged, and interest into a gender-driven management of these tumors has grown with the aim to improve survival and quality of life of these patients. Somatostatin Analogues represent the first line of systemic treatment of both functional and non-functional neuroendocrine tumors, through the expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in the tumor cells, and proved effective in controlling hormonal hypersecretion and inhibiting tumor growth, improving progression-free survival and overall survival of these patients. Aim of the present review is to investigate any differences by gender in efficacy and safety of SSTS-targeted therapies, that represent the mainstay treatment of neuroendocrine tumors, as they emerge from studies of varying design and intent.