Large language models in ophthalmology: a scoping review on their utility for clinicians, researchers, patients, and educators.

Since its introduction in November 2022, the public interest in the utility of large language models (LLMs) has gained widespread adoption among individual consumers and among medical practitioners, with a consequent increase in publications describing their utility in healthcare. This review highlights original research articles on how LLM's can be utilized by various stakeholders in ophthalmology through clinical assistance, patient education, medical education, and research. ChatGPT consistently responds with better accuracy and quality than other LLMs across various studies employing different methodologies, with newer iterations offering more advantages.

Using artificial intelligence to assess macular edema treatments in retinitis pigmentosa.

Purpose: This study validates a deep learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) tool for quantifying macular edema (ME) intraretinal fluid (IRF) volumes in retinitis pigmentosa, and through longitudinal analysis of IRF, provides new insight into treatment efficacy and disease natural history.

Methods: This retrospective, longitudinal study identified RP patients with ME. A commercially available retinal analysis tool quantified IRF, and was validated for segmentation of ME using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography volume scans.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) analysis of cohort with peripapillary choroidal neovascularization.

Purpose: While many studies have analyzed macular choroidal neovascularization (CNV) using OCTA, few have focused on peripapillary CNV, which comprises approximately 10% of CNV cases. This study examines OCTA vessel changes in treated and untreated peripapillary CNV patients to better understand disease progression.

Methods: Nineteen eyes with peripapillary CNV secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) were retrospectively analyzed.

Rapid progression of maculopathy after Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium cessation.

Purpose: To report a case of pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) maculopathy showing rapid progression of retinopathy 4 years after discontinuing PPS.

Methods: A 75-year-old woman presenting with gradual vision changes underwent comprehensive examination including multimodal imaging and genetic testing.

Results: A 75-year-old woman presented with a history of intermediate age-related macular degeneration and progressive blurring of her central vision beginning at 69 years of age.

AI-Enhanced OCT Analysis for Detecting ILM Removal in ERM Surgery.

Purpose: This study evaluates how accurately humans and artificial intelligence (AI) can identify the type of surgery performed for epiretinal membrane (ERM) removal by analyzing postoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans.

Methods: A retrospective analysis at the University of California San Diego included 250 eyes from 239 patients who underwent vitrectomy for idiopathic ERM between January 2013 and October 2024. Eyes were categorized into two groups: one with both the internal limiting membrane (ILM) and ERM removed using indocyanine green (ICG) staining, and another with only ERM removal, guided by triamcinolone.

Faricimab for treatment-resistant choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD): seven-months results using artificial intelligence and OCTA.

Background: To analyze the therapeutic response to faricimab 6 mg/0.05 ml in eyes with neovascular AMD (nAMD) with refractory intra- and/or subretinal fluid due to choroidal neovascularization (CNV), previously unresponsive to 4 mg monthly aflibercept and combination therapy with anti-VEGF and long-acting steroids.

Methods: A retrospective case series study of 22 eyes with unresponsive CNV, despite monthly intravitreal treatment (mean number of pre-faricimab injections: 35.

Anti-VEGF injections and macular atrophy progression in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration in remission.

Aims: To determine the effect of continuing anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections on the progression of macular atrophy (MA) during remission of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 59 eyes with nAMD with at least 6-month remission (disease inactivity) were analysed and were grouped into two. In group 1, anti-VEGF injections were stopped after remission (holiday).

Large Language Models in Ophthalmology: A Review of Publications from Top Ophthalmology Journals.

Purpose: To review and evaluate the current literature on the application and impact of large language models (LLMs) in the field of ophthalmology, focusing on studies published in high-ranking ophthalmology journals.

Design: This is a retrospective review of published articles.

Participants: This study did not involve human participation.

A case of iatrogenic CNV following macular surgery.

Purpose: To report a case of iatrogenic trauma related choroidal neovascularization (CNV).

Methods: A 66 year old female presented with complaints of distortion of vision in the right eye. A diagnosis of epiretinal membrane (ERM) foveoschisis was made and the patient was recommended surgery.

OCTA-based AMD Stage Grading Enhancement via Class-Conditioned Style Transfer.

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) is a promising diagnostic tool for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), providing non-invasive visualization of sub-retinal vascular networks. This research explores the effectiveness of deep neural network (DNN) classifiers trained exclusively on OCTA images for AMD diagnosis. To address the challenge of limited data, we combine OCTA data from two instruments-Heidelberg and Optovue-and leverage style transfer technique, CycleGAN, to convert samples between these domains.

Dry eye disease treatment improves subjective quality-of-life responses in patients with AMD, independent of disease stage.

Purpose: To determine the impact of severity of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) on subjective treatment response in patients treated for dry eye disease.

Methods: A total of 203 eyes diagnosed with evaporative dry eye disease (DED) due to meibomian gland dysfunction were treated using the LipiFlow or MiBoFlo systems. From this cohort, 40 eyes with stable dry AMD (early, intermediate, or late stages) were included.

Comparison of a Novel Ultra-Widefield Three-Color Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope to Other Retinal Imaging Modalities in Chorioretinal Lesion Imaging.

Purpose: To compare the assessment of clinically relevant retinal and choroidal lesions as well as optic nerve pathologies using a novel three-wavelength ultra-widefield (UWF) scanning laser ophthalmoscope with established retinal imaging techniques for ophthalmoscopic imaging.

Methods: Eighty eyes with a variety of retinal and choroidal lesions were assessed on the same time point using Topcon color fundus photography (CFP) montage, Optos red/green (RG), Heidelberg SPECTRALIS MultiColor 55-color montage (MCI), and novel Optos red/green/blue (RGB). Paired images of the optic nerve, retinal, or choroidal lesions were initially diagnosed based on CFP imaging.