Shifting Perspectives on the Role of Tocotrienol vs. Tocopherol in Brain Health: A Scoping Review.

Vitamin E has been extensively studied for its neuroprotective properties, with increasing evidence supporting its broader roles in brain health. This scoping review aims to systematically identify, analyze, and synthesize evidence of the existing literature over the last 10 years on tocotrienol and tocopherol supplementation in humans. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOhost yielding 42 eligible articles.

Asymptomatic Intracranial Vascular Lesions and Cognitive Function in a General Population of Japanese Men: Shiga Epidemiological Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis (SESSA).

Introduction: Intracranial subclinical vessel diseases are considered important indicators of cognitive impairment. However, a comprehensive assessment of various types of vessel disease, particularly in Asian populations, is lacking. We aimed to compare multiple types of intracranial vessel disease in association with cognitive function among a community-based Japanese male population.

Effects of Bisphenol A and Retinoic Acid Exposure on Neuron and Brain Formation: A Study in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Zebrafish Embryos.

Background: Developing human fetuses may be exposed to the chemical compound bisphenol A (BPA), and retinoic acid (RA) has been detected at low levels in water sources. RA signaling regulates key developmental genes and is essential for organ development, including the brain. We previously reported that RA/BPA coexposure of mouse embryonic stem cells potentiates RA signaling, which warrants further investigation.

Identification of the binding site and immunoreactivity of anti-Aβ antibody 11A1: Comparison with the toxic conformation-specific TxCo-1 antibody.

Since the advent of anti-amyloid β (Aβ) immunotherapy, exemplified by lecanemab, the development of effective therapeutic agents with minimal side effects has become an urgent priority. Over the past two decades, a number of antibodies have been developed that target toxic Aβ species. The 11A1 antibody is one such example, and is made from E22P-Aβ9-35, which is prone to adopt a toxic conformation with a turn at positions 22/23, as an antigen.

Dietary Strategies to Mitigate Alzheimer's Disease: Insights into Antioxidant Vitamin Intake and Supplementation with Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Cross-Talk.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by deterioration in cognitive function and neuronal death, is the most prevalent age-related progressive neurodegenerative disease. Clinical and experimental research has revealed that gut microbiota dysbiosis may be present in AD patients. The changed gut microbiota affects brain function and behavior through several mechanisms, including tau phosphorylation and increased amyloid deposits, neuroinflammation, metabolic abnormalities, and persistent oxidative stress.

Immunohistochemical Study of Human Mitochondrial Ferritin in the Substantia Nigra Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Mitochondrial ferritin (FtMt) is a novel ferritin that sequesters iron and plays a protective role against oxidative stress. FtMt shares a high homology with H-ferritin but is expressed only in the brain, heart, and testis. In the midbrain, FtMt expression is observed in the substantia nigra.

Neuronal glutathione depletion elevates the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio and tau aggregation in Alzheimer's disease mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves reduced glutathione levels, causing oxidative stress and contributing to neuronal cell death. Our prior research identified diminished glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) as linked to cell death. However, the effect of GCLC on AD features such as amyloid and tau pathology remained unclear.

Visualization of Amyloid Oligomers in the Brain of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.

In the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), highly neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers appear early, they are thus considered to be deeply involved in the onset of Alzheimer's disease. However, Aβ oligomer visualization is challenging in human tissues due to their multiple forms (e.g.

Fluorinated curcumin derivative (Shiga-Y6) modulates the level of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in a mouse model of diabetes.

Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) has emerged as a significant regulator of β-cell mass and loss, rendering it an attractive target for treating diabetes. We previously showed that Shiga-Y6, a fluorinated curcumin derivative, inhibited TXNIP mRNA and protein expression in vitro, raising the question of whether the same effect could be translated in vivo. Herein, we examined the effect of Shiga-Y6 on TNXIP levels and explored its therapeutic potential in a mouse model of diabetes, Akita mice.

Identification of TEKTIN1-expressing multiciliated cells during spontaneous differentiation of non-human primate embryonic stem cells.

Tektins are a group of microtubule-stabilizing proteins necessary for cilia and flagella assembly. TEKTIN1 (TEKT1) is used as a sperm marker for monitoring germ cell differentiation in embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Although upregulation of TEKT1 has been reported during spontaneous differentiation of ES and iPS cells, it is unclear which cells express TEKT1.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Mitochondrial Ferritin in the Midbrain of Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

Mitochondrial ferritin (FtMt) is an endogenous iron-storage protein localized in the mitochondria. FtMt is mainly observed in restricted tissues, such as those in the testis, islets of Langerhans, and brain. Further, it may protect cells from oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.

Nonylphenol reduced the number of haploids in in vitro spermatogenesis of the endangered cyprinid Gnathopogon caerulescens.

Nonylphenol (NP), an endocrine disrupting chemical, is widely used in industrial and agricultural processes, causing NP influx into aquatic environments. NP induces hormonal imbalance, and male feminization, and reduces germ cell production during spermatogenesis; however, the mechanism by which it affects spermatogenesis remains unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of NP on spermatogenesis in honmoroko (Gnathopogon caerulescens), an endangered fish endemic to Lake Biwa, Japan, using an in vitro differentiation system.

An insight into the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects and mechanisms of .

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are sporadic maladies that affect patients' lives with progressive neurological disabilities and reduced quality of life. Neuroinflammation and oxidative reaction are among the pivotal factors for neurodegenerative conditions, contributing to the progression of NDs, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and Huntington's disease (HD). Management of NDs is still less than optimum due to its wide range of causative factors and influences, such as lifestyle, genetic variants, and environmental aspects.

Optimization of 3D Immunofluorescence Analysis and Visualization Using IMARIS and MeshLab.

The precision of colocalization analysis is enhanced by 3D and is potentially more accurate than 2D. Even though 3D improves the visualization of colocalization analysis, rendering a colocalization model may generate a model with numerous polygons. We developed a 3D colocalization model of FtMt/LC3 followed by simplification.

Optimization of the Linker Length in the Dimer Model of E22P-Aβ40 Tethered at Position 38.

Since amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers are more cytotoxic than fibrils, various dimer models have been synthesized. We focused on the C-terminal region that could form a hydrophobic core in the aggregation process and identified a toxic conformer-restricted dimer model (E22P,G38DAP-Aβ40 dimer) with an l,l-2,6-diaminopimelic acid linker ( = 3) at position 38, which exhibited moderate cytotoxicity. We synthesized four additional linkers ( = 2, 4, 5, 7) to determine the most appropriate distance between the two Aβ40 monomers for a toxic dimer model.

Pharmaceutical Potential of Casein-Derived Tripeptide Met-Lys-Pro: Improvement in Cognitive Impairments and Suppression of Inflammation in APP/PS1 Mice.

Background: Tripeptide Met-Lys-Pro (MKP), a component of casein hydrolysates, has effective angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Brain angiotensin II enzyme activates the NADPH oxidase complex via angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) and enhances oxidative stress injury. ACE inhibitors improved cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models and previous clinical trials.

A Histochemical Analysis of Neurofibrillary Tangles in Olfactory Epithelium, a Study Based on an Autopsy Case of Juvenile Alzheimer's Disease.

The pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) begin 10-20 years before clinical onset, and it is therefore desirable to identify effective methods for early diagnosis. The nasal mucosa is a target tissue for measuring AD-related biomarkers because the olfactory nerve is the only cranial nerve that is exposed to the external environment. We describe an autopsy case of rapidly advanced juvenile AD (JAD), focusing on the olfactory system.

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Microglia as Therapeutic and Imaging Targets in Alzheimer's Disease.

Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and tauopathy are considered the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but attenuation in choline signaling, including decreased nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), is evident in the early phase of AD. Currently, there are no drugs that can suppress the progression of AD due to a limited understanding of AD pathophysiology. For this, diagnostic methods that can assess disease progression non-invasively before the onset of AD symptoms are essential, and it would be valuable to incorporate the concept of neurotheranostics, which simultaneously enables diagnosis and treatment.

Localization of Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Brains.

Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein (TXNIP) has been shown to have significant pathogenic roles in many human diseases, particularly those associated with diabetes and hyperglycemia. Its main mode of action is to sequester thioredoxins, resulting in enhanced oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to identify if cellular expression of TXNIP in human aged and Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains correlated with pathological structures.