Multidimensional regulation of the microbe-TLR4 signaling Axis in colorectal cancer: From molecular mechanisms to microbe-targeted therapies.

Colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common cancer globally, arises from complex interactions between genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. This review systematically analyzes the multidimensional regulatory mechanisms of the microbe-TLR4 signaling axis in CRC, including key pathways such as TLR4/NF-κB, MAPK, TRIF/IRF3, Keap1/NRF2/CYP2J2, and ceramide/β-catenin/SOAT1. These pathways drive tumor progression through metabolic reprogramming, immune modulation, and genotoxic effects.