Human papillomavirus and abnormal cervical lesions among HIV-infected women in HIV-discordant couples from Kenya.

Objective: HIV infection increases the risk of high-grade cervical neoplasia and invasive cervical carcinoma. The study addresses the limited data describing human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical neoplasia among HIV-infected women in HIV-discordant relationships in sub-Saharan Africa, which is needed to inform screening strategies.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of HIV-infected women with HIV-uninfected partners was conducted to determine the distribution of type-specific HPV infection and cervical cytology.

Access to specialty healthcare in urban versus rural US populations: a systematic literature review.

Background: Access to healthcare is a poorly defined construct, with insufficient understanding of differences in facilitators and barriers between US urban versus rural specialty care. We summarize recent literature and expand upon a prior conceptual access framework, adapted here specifically to urban and rural specialty care.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted of literature within the CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, PsycInfo, and ProQuest Social Sciences databases published between January 2013 and August 2018.

The Impact of Ambient Environmental Exposures to Microbial Products on Asthma Outcomes from Birth to Childhood.

Purpose Of Review: Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition with increasing domestic and worldwide prevalence that burdens individuals and the healthcare system with high costs associated with long-term treatments and acute emergency room (ER) visits. It can be triggered by ambient microbes, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In this review, we examine the outcomes of asthma patients in relation to environmental exposures to ambient microbe products, focusing on whether exposure leads to asthma development from birth to childhood and if particular microbes are associated with worsened asthma exacerbations.

Cascade Analysis: An Adaptable Implementation Strategy Across HIV and Non-HIV Delivery Platforms.

Background: Cascades have been used to characterize sequential steps within a complex health system and are used in diverse disease areas and across prevention, testing, and treatment. Routine data have great potential to inform prioritization within a system, but are often inaccessible to frontline health care workers (HCWs) who may have the greatest opportunity to innovate health system improvement.

Methods: The cascade analysis tool (CAT) is an Excel-based, simple simulation model with an optimization function.

Factors affecting use of unscheduled care for people with advanced cancer: a retrospective cohort study in Scotland.

Background: People with advanced cancer frequently attend unscheduled care, but little is known about the factors influencing presentations. Most research focuses on accident and emergency (A&E) and does not consider GP out-of-hours (GPOOH).

Aim: To describe the frequency and patterns of unscheduled care use by people with cancer in their last year of life and to examine the associations of demographic and clinical factors with unscheduled care attendance.

Black Women's Approaches to Encourage Male Partners to Get Tested for HIV: Predictors of Approaches and Partner Tests.

New HIV infection rates in Black women are 15 times higher than that of White women, and new infections in women have been primarily associated with heterosexual sex. Encouraging sex partner testing may increase HIV status awareness. Prevention campaigns have not recommended specific approaches with established efficacy for women to encourage partner testing.

Representation of people with comorbidity and multimorbidity in clinical trials of novel drug therapies: an individual-level participant data analysis.

Background: Clinicians are less likely to prescribe guideline-recommended treatments to people with multimorbidity than to people with a single condition. Doubts as to the applicability of clinical trials of drug treatments (the gold standard for evidence-based medicine) when people have co-existing diseases (comorbidity) may underlie this apparent reluctance. Therefore, for a range of index conditions, we measured the comorbidity among participants in clinical trials of novel drug therapies and compared this to the comorbidity among patients in the community.

Can implementation failure or intervention failure explain the result of the 3D multimorbidity trial in general practice: mixed-methods process evaluation.

Objectives: During a cluster randomised trial, (the 3D study) of an intervention enacting recommended care for people with multimorbidity, including continuity of care and comprehensive biennial reviews, we examined implementation fidelity to interpret the trial outcome and inform future implementation decisions.

Design: Mixed-methods process evaluation using cross-trial data and a sample of practices, clinicians, administrators and patients. Interviews, focus groups and review observations were analysed thematically and integrated with quantitative data about implementation.

Assessing the accuracy of ICD-10 coding for measuring rates of and mortality from acute kidney injury and the impact of electronic alerts: an observational cohort study.

Background: The application of a uniform definition for acute kidney injury (AKI) is vital to advance understanding and management of AKI. International Classification of Diseases (Tenth Revision) (ICD-10) coding is frequently used to define AKI, but its accuracy is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether ICD-10 coding is a reliable method of monitoring rates and outcomes of AKI in inpatients compared with biochemically defined AKI, and whether electronic alerts (e-alerts) for AKI affect ICD-10 AKI coding.

Postpartum metabolic syndrome after gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, a prospective cohort study.

Objective: We evaluated the 6-month postpartum risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a marker of future cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, comparing women whose most recent pregnancies were complicated with gestational hypertension (GH) or preeclampsia (PE) versus those who had normotensive pregnancies.

Study Design: This was a prospective cohort study in which women with GH or PE and normotensive women were actively enrolled during the first 12 weeks after delivery in Nairobi, Kenya. Participants were interviewed, blood pressures and anthropometric measurements including waist circumference obtained at enrollment and 6 months postpartum.

Correction to: Methods for identifying 30 chronic conditions: application to administrative data.

Following publication of the original manuscript [1], the authors noted several errors in Table 1. Details of the requested corrections are shown below.

Impact of medicines regulatory risk communications in the UK on prescribing and clinical outcomes: Systematic review, time series analysis and meta-analysis.

Aims: Regulatory risk communications are important to ensure medication safety, but their impact is poorly understood. The aim was to quantify the impact of UK risk communications on medication use and other outcomes.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies reporting prescribing/health outcome data relevant to UK regulatory risk communication.

Repeat gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: A single-center experience and focused review of the literature.

Objectives: Repeat Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKSR) for refractory trigeminal neuralgia (TGN) is an increasingly common practice. Prior studies have reported varying success rates and incidence of trigeminal nerve dysfunction following repeated GKSR. We report treatment outcomes and toxicity in patients following repeat GKSR for TGN at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) with a focused review of the literature.

Burosumab in tumor-induced osteomalacia: A case report.

Tumor-induced osteomalacia is a rare cause of acquired hypophosphatemia due to the paraneoplastic overproduction of fibroblast growth factor-23. Unlike many causes of osteomalacia, tumor-induced osteomalacia is curable by resection of the offending tumor. If a patient has a tumor that is unidentifiable, unresectable, or makes the decision to forgo surgery, medical treatment is recommended.

Patient Satisfaction With a New, High Accuracy Blood Glucose Meter That Provides Personalized Guidance, Insight, and Encouragement.

Background: Accurate self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is a key component of effective self-management of glycemic control.

Methods: The OneTouch Verio Reflect and OneTouch Ultra Plus Reflect BG monitoring systems were evaluated for accuracy in a clinical setting. Subjects also used the meters for a one-week trial period and reported their level of satisfaction with meter features.

Patient Satisfaction in Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Patient satisfaction reflects the patients' perception of the outcome of care and is being considered for use in future reimbursement schemes. No consensus exists regarding the best instrument to measure patient satisfaction in the field of spine surgery. This systematic review aimed to determine how patient satisfaction for spine surgery has been measured previously and whether a disease-specific, comprehensive instrument to measure patient satisfaction has been established; we also aimed to define the dimensions of care that determine patient satisfaction in spine surgery.

Epidemiology of adult meningitis during antiretroviral therapy scale-up in southern Africa: Results from the Botswana national meningitis survey.

Objectives: Data on meningitis epidemiology in high HIV-prevalence African settings following antiretroviral therapy scale-up are lacking. We described epidemiology of adult meningitis in Botswana over a 16-year period.

Methods: Laboratory records for adults undergoing lumbar puncture (LP) 2000-2015 were collected, with complete national data 2013-2014.

Mortality in adult patients with culture-positive and culture-negative meningitis in the Botswana national meningitis survey: a prevalent cohort study.

Background: CNS infections are a leading cause of HIV-related deaths in sub-Saharan Africa, but causes and outcomes are poorly defined. We aimed to determine mortality and predictors of mortality in adults evaluated for meningitis in Botswana, which has an estimated 23% HIV prevalence among adults.

Methods: In this prevalent cohort study, patient records from 2004-15 were sampled from the Botswana national meningitis survey, a nationwide audit of all cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) laboratory records from patients receiving a lumbar puncture for evaluation of meningitis.

Patient Satisfaction in Surgery for Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

The objective of the study was to establish how patient satisfaction with surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been previously measured, determine whether an ideal patient satisfaction instrument exists, and to define the dimensions of care that determine patient satisfaction with the surgical treatment of PD. A systematic search of four online databases, unpublished sources, and citations was undertaken to identify 15 studies reporting patient satisfaction with the surgical treatment of PD. Manuscripts were reviewed and instruments were categorized by content and method axes.

Motorcycle taxi programme is associated with reduced risk of road traffic crash among motorcycle taxi drivers in Kampala, Uganda.

is a transportation company that provides road safety training and helmets to its motorcycle taxi drivers in Kampala. We sought to determine whether risk of road traffic crash (RTC) was lower in compared to regular (non-SafeBoda) motorcycle taxi drivers during a 6-month follow-up period. We collected participant demographic and behavioural data at baseline using computer-assisted personal interview, and occurrence of RTC every 2 months using text messaging and telephone interview from a cohort of 342 drivers.

Reoperation for device infection and erosion following deep brain stimulation implantable pulse generator placement.

Objective: Infection and erosion following implantable pulse generator (IPG) placement are associated with morbidity and cost for patients with deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems. Here, the authors provide a detailed characterization of infection and erosion events in a large cohort that underwent DBS surgery for movement disorders.

Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed consecutive IPG placements and replacements in patients who had undergone DBS surgery for movement disorders at the University of Alabama at Birmingham between 2013 and 2016.

Changes in resistance among coliform bacteraemia associated with a primary care antimicrobial stewardship intervention: A population-based interrupted time series study.

Background: Primary care antimicrobial stewardship interventions can improve antimicrobial prescribing, but there is less evidence that they reduce rates of resistant infection. This study examined changes in broad-spectrum antimicrobial prescribing in the community and resistance in people admitted to hospital with community-associated coliform bacteraemia associated with a primary care stewardship intervention.

Methods And Findings: Segmented regression analysis of data on all patients registered with a general practitioner in the National Health Service (NHS) Tayside region in the east of Scotland, UK, from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2015 was performed, examining associations between a primary care antimicrobial stewardship intervention in 2009 and primary care prescribing of fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and co-amoxiclav and resistance to the same three antimicrobials/classes among community-associated coliform bacteraemia.

Stereotactic radiosurgery with MLC-defined arcs: Verification of dosimetry, spatial accuracy, and end-to-end tests.

Purpose: To measure dosimetric and spatial accuracy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) delivered to targets as small as the trigeminal nerve (TN) using a standard external beam treatment planning system (TPS) and multileaf collimator-(MLC) equipped linear accelerator without cones or other special attachments or modifications.

Methods: Dosimetric performance was assessed by comparing computed dose distributions to film measurements. Comparisons included the γ-index, beam profiles, isodose lines, maximum dose, and spatial accuracy.