Comparison of calcium-based technologies to remineralise enamel subsurface lesions using microradiography and microhardness.

Assessment of enamel subsurface lesion remineralisation is essential for the evaluation of novel remineralisation technologies. The gold standard to assess subsurface mineral gain of enamel lesions is transverse microradiography (TMR). However, some studies have utilised surface microhardness (SMH) to evaluate efficacy of remineralisation agents.

Acceleration of Enamel Subsurface Lesion Remineralisation by Intralesion pH Modulation.

Remineralisation of demineralised enamel subsurface lesions can be enhanced by pretreatment of the lesions with base (NaOH). The aim of this study was to test the effect of intralesion pH modulation on remineralisation of demineralised enamel subsurface lesions by casein phosphopeptide-stabilised amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP) in vitro. Two remineralisation models were utilised, the first involving 60-min cyclic pH modulation for 105 h and the second involved short-term cyclic pH modulation (12-min cycle, 240 min total duration) compared with the equivalent time of continuous treatment (200 min total duration).

Bioavailable fluoride in calcium-containing dentifrices.

Calcium added to dentifrices can complex with fluoride ions to reduce intra-oral bioavailability and therefore efficacy in preventing dental caries. Six commercially available dentifrices containing different types of calcium and fluoride were analyzed for total and bioavailable fluoride levels by adding 10 g of dentifrice to 30 mL of distilled deionized water and mixing vigorously for 1 min to simulate toothbrushing. One milliliter of the dentifrice/water slurry was immediately centrifuged and the supernatant removed for bioavailable fluoride analysis and the mixed slurry prior to centrifugation used for total fluoride analysis using a modified microdiffusion method.

Recharge and increase in hardness of GIC with CPP-ACP/F.

Objective: To assess the effect of CPP-ACP/F recharging on ion release and hardness of GIC Fuji-Triage (VII) and Fuji-Triage-EP (VII-EP) containing CPP-ACP/F.

Methods: CPP-ACP distribution in Fuji-Triage-EP was determined using immunofluorescence. Thirty blocks of Fuji-Triage and Fuji-Triage-EP with the same surface area were placed individually in 5mL of 50mM lactic acid (pH 5) for three days.

Addition of CPP-ACP to yogurt inhibits enamel subsurface demineralization.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of an approved food additive with anticariogenic properties, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), when added to a processed, sugar-containing yogurt with added lactic-acid bacteria (probiotics), to prevent demineralization of enamel subsurface lesions in vitro.

Methods: Enamel subsurface demineralised lesions were created in thirty extracted human third molars. These were then exposed to artificial saliva (AS) with: 1) Danone yogurt alone; 2) Danone yogurt with 0.

The prebiotic effect of CPP-ACP sugar-free chewing gum.

Objectives: To determine if chewing gum containing casein phosphopeptide stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) promoted an increase in the abundance of Streptococcus sanguinis and other species associated with dental health in supragingival plaque in a clinical study.

Materials And Methods: Nineteen participants were recruited for a three-leg cross-over, randomised, controlled clinical trial. Participants chewed a sugar-free gum with or without CPP-ACP six times daily for 20 min over two weeks.

Effects of Bovine Serum Albumin and High pH Pre-Treatment on the Remineralisation of Enamel Subsurface Lesions in vitro.

Accumulated intra-lesion protein such as serum albumin has been speculated to impede remineralisation of carious enamel lesions. The aim of this study was to assess whether intra-lesion bovine serum albumin (BSA) affected subsequent remineralisation of enamel subsurface lesions. Confocal microscopy was used to confirm localisation of BSA in artificial enamel subsurface lesions and its subsequent degradation by a high pH sodium hypochlorite treatment.

Effects of soy and bovine milk beverages on enamel mineral content in a randomized, double-blind in situ clinical study.

Unlabelled: Soy beverages are promoted as healthy alternatives to bovine milk even though they can contain added sugar.

Objectives: To compare enamel mineral content after consumption of bovine milk or a soy beverage in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over in situ clinical study.

Materials And Methods: Human enamel slabs with subsurface lesions were prepared and inserted into intra-oral appliances worn by volunteers who consumed 200 ml of either bovine milk or a soy beverage over a 60 s period once a day for 15 days.

in Alzheimer's disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors.

, the keystone pathogen in chronic periodontitis, was identified in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients. Toxic proteases from the bacterium called gingipains were also identified in the brain of Alzheimer's patients, and levels correlated with tau and ubiquitin pathology. Oral infection in mice resulted in brain colonization and increased production of Aβ, a component of amyloid plaques.

Self-assembly of dental surface nanofilaments and remineralisation by SnF and CPP-ACP nanocomplexes.

Dental caries, erosion and hypersensitivity are major public health problems. SnF is used widely in oral care products to help prevent/treat these conditions. Casein phosphopeptide-stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplexes (CPP-ACP) are a biomimetic nanotechnology of salivary phosphopeptide-ACP complexes that deliver bioavailable calcium and phosphate ions to promote dental remineralisation (repair).

Importance of bioavailable calcium in fluoride dentifrices for enamel remineralization.

Objectives: To compare remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions by fluoride dentifrices with added calcium in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over, in situ study.

Methods: Human enamel with subsurface lesions were prepared and inserted into intra-oral appliances worn by volunteers. A slurry (1 g toothpaste/4 ml HO) was rinsed for 60 s, 4 times per day for 14 days.

Polyols and remineralisation of enamel subsurface lesions.

Unlabelled: Sugar-free chewing gum containing polyols has been demonstrated to reduce caries experience in randomised controlled clinical trials. A range of polyols (mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol and maltitol) can be found in sugar-free gums and it has been claimed that they can facilitate calcium uptake into enamel subsurface lesions promoting remineralisation.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of polyols on remineralisation of enamel subsurface lesions in vitro by artificial saliva (AS) and by AS containing the salivary biomimetic casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP).

Comparative study of the measurement of enamel demineralization and remineralization using transverse microradiography and electron probe microanalysis.

Transverse microradiography (TMR) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) are commonly used for characterizing dental tissues. TMR utilizes an approximately monochromatic X-ray beam to determine the mass attenuation of the sample, which is converted to volume percent mineral (vol%min). An EPMA stimulates the emission of characteristic X-rays from a variable volume of sample (dependent on density) to provide compositional information.

Effect of added calcium phosphate on enamel remineralization by fluoride in a randomized controlled in situ trial.

Unlabelled: Dental products containing calcium phosphate and fluoride are claimed to enhance enamel remineralization over fluoride products.

Objectives: To compare remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions by dental products with added calcium phosphate in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over in situ study.

Methods: Human enamel specimens with subsurface lesions were prepared and inserted into intra-oral appliances worn by volunteers.

Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions by chewing gum with added calcium.

Objectives: Chewing sugar-free gum has been shown to promote enamel remineralization. Manufacturers are now adding calcium to the gum in an approach to further promote enamel remineralization. The aim of this study was to compare the remineralization efficacy of four sugar-free chewing gums, two containing added calcium, utilizing a double-blind, randomized, crossover in situ model.

Porphyromonas gingivalis RgpA-Kgp proteinase-adhesin complexes penetrate gingival tissue and induce proinflammatory cytokines or apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner.

The RgpA-Kgp proteinase-adhesin complexes of Porphyromonas gingivalis were observed, using immunostaining, in human gingival tissue associated with periodontitis but not in healthy tissue. The staining pattern suggested a concentration gradient from the subgingival plaque into the subjacent gingival connective tissue. Intense immunostaining was observed in areas displaying gross disturbance of tissue architecture.

Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions in situ by the use of three commercially available sugar-free gums.

Background: Commercially available sugar-free chewing gums have been claimed to provide oral health benefits.

Aim: The aim of this randomized, double-blind crossover in situ study was to compare the efficacy of three commercially available sugar-free chewing gums: Trident White, Orbit, and Orbit Professional, in remineralizing enamel subsurface lesions in situ.

Design: Specimens containing enamel subsurface lesions were sectioned into test and control half-slabs with the test half-slabs inserted into removable palatal appliances.