The Potential Role of Nasal Cytology in Respiratory Diseases: Clinical Research and Future Perspectives.

Nasal cytology is a non-invasive, affordable, and easily executable technique commonly used in research to study rhinitis and, to a lesser extent, chronic rhinosinusitis. It is particularly useful for the differential diagnosis of non-allergic rhinitis and for phenotyping chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergic rhinitis, asthma, and aspirin intolerance are frequent comorbidities of chronic rhinosinusitis.

Endotyping Chronic Respiratory Diseases: T2 Inflammation in the United Airways Model.

Over the past 15 years, the paradigm of viewing the upper and lower airways as a unified system has progressively shifted the approach to chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). As the global prevalence of CRDs continues to increase, it becomes evident that acknowledging the presence of airway pathology as an integrated entity could profoundly impact healthcare resource allocation and guide the implementation of pharmacological and rehabilitation strategies. In the era of precision medicine, endotyping has emerged as another novel approach to CRDs, whereby pathologies are categorized into distinct subtypes based on specific molecular mechanisms.